Abstract: Some fossil bones with surface marks were uncovered in Bailong Cave,a palaeo-anthropological site of the early stage of Middle Pleistocene.In this paper,human made marks and animal made marks were observed and identified with general photography,low-and high-power microscopy,as well as three dimensional scanning technology.Hammering marks,cut marks,chopping marks,and puncture marks were included in the human made marks.The hammering marks(with the aim of tool making)were mainly distributed on the surface of bone tools,while the other marks(perhaps generated by human behaviors such as hunting,butchering,disarticulating,and skinning)were mainly distributed on the surface of bone fragments.Animal made marks include tooth marks by carnivores,tramping marks by artiodactyls,and gnawing marks by rodents.According to faunal materials discovered from the site,carnivores responsible for the tooth marks may be hyenas and leopards;rodents that were responsible for gnawing marks may include Hystrix,Rhizomys,and Muridae.Research on human made marks reveals human behaviors such as the ways of troglodytism,the manufacture and use of bone tools,and hunting and food sharing(including hunting tools and skinning skills).The skill of skinning by distal bones of mammals presented in the marks was the earliest one so far in Chinese palaeo-anthropological records.And the punctures found on fossil bone surface,coincided with the tips of trihedron stone tools,were also the earliest puncture marks made with cuspidal tool recorded in the Chinese palaeo-anthropological sites.Essential analyses on animal made marks were also carried out,such as the morphology of gnawing marks caused by Hystrix and Muridae.Multifold mark samples suggested the complexity of marks in the palaeo-anthropological sites,proving the necessity of the use of integrated methods.Furthermore,the three dimensional scanning technology was first used in the field of surface mark research in China.Scanning technology can transform marks on fossil bone surface into magnified digital models,which could be rotated and observed carefully at observer's desire to distinguish morphological details,or even to determine the sequence by which the marks were made.Great efforts have been made in the last decades to establish concrete identifying criteria and effective examination methods to distinguish human made marks from animal made marks and other marks,and much progress has been made recently.However,according to the particularity in Chinese archaeological records such as different raw materials and technologies in tool making,there should be much difference in morphology of human made marks in Chinese records.By using some new technology and methods in this paper,we wish to present something valuable in the exploration of early human behavior patterns in China.