Review the high frequencies of the inca bone in East Asian hominins
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摘要:
印加骨作为一项重要的非测量性状，主要由遗传因素调控，对于解读现代人群的扩散和分布具有重要意义。但在印加骨所在区域还存在另一类型的缝间骨即前顶间骨，前人在研究中常将两者相混淆。文章通过观察中国古人类头骨（直立人4例，早期智人4例和早期现代人3例）中的缝间骨形态，依据其下缘横向骨缝的位置特征，对这些骨骼进行再次鉴定分类。结果表明北京直立人11号头骨和石沟枕骨所属个体具有印加骨，北京直立人12号头骨、大荔头骨和穿洞2号头骨具有前顶间骨，丽江头骨具有人字点骨。而北京直立人2号和10号头骨的下缘横向骨缝处于枕骨圆枕区域内或下侧，表明这两处骨缝并非是枕横缝，即北京直立人2号和10号头骨不具有印加骨。丁村和许家窑古人类顶骨后上角的缺刻特征，更可能与额外骨化中心的出现（人字点骨或前顶间骨）相关，而非是印加骨。总之，目前的古人类化石证据表明印加骨在中国古人类出现次数并不多。
Abstract:The inca bones, an important discrete trait, is pivotal to exploring the origin, diffusion and distribution of modern humans. However, another suture bone known as pre-interparietal bone is also located in the interparietal region of the occipital bone, which results in a confusion with the inca bone in previous studies. Therefore, we aimed to take a detailed description of the inca bones appeared in the Chinese hominin fossils and if possible, to make a reasonable identification and classification. We used 11 specimens mainly from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology and Folk Custom Museum of Dingcun for this study. It contains 4 Homo erectus skulls (Homo erectus pekinensis Skull Ⅱ, Ⅹ, Ⅺ and Ⅻ), 4 early Homo sapiens specimens (Dali skull, Dingcun parietal bone, Xujiayao Ⅵ and Ⅹ parietal bones)and 3 early modern human specimens (Shigou occipital bone, Chuangdong Ⅱ skull and Lijiang skull).
In Homo erectus pekinensis Skull Ⅺ, an accessory transverse suture separates the superior part of the occipital planum form remainder, which forms a large triangular bone. The transverse suture in Shigou fossil is approximately 52.0 mm at the superior border of the occipital squama just above the highest nuchal line. Considering location and size of the transverse suture, these two individuals display the inca bones.
Weidenreich[11] (1943)stated that Homo erectus pekinensis Skull Ⅱ preserves a fused mendosal suture presented on the medial side of the asterion region, while Homo erectus pekinensis Skull Ⅹ displays an accessory transverse suture which entirely or partly separates a genuine inca bone with the remaining bone. The mendosal suture refers to an accessory suture of the occipital bone originated from the asterion region, which usually runs horizontally just above the superior nuchal line. If we accepted the view that the occipital torus can develop into the superior and highest nuchal lines, combined with the position of transverse suture, it seems that the inca bones cannot appear in the Skull Ⅱ and Skull Ⅹ.
In Homo erectus pekinensis Ⅻ, Dali and Chuangdong Ⅱ skulls, we found the sutural bones donot beyond the medial one-third of the lambdoid suture, and the inferior margins are significantly above the highest nuchal line. Thus, these three bones can be classified as pre-interparietal bone. The missed posterosuperior portion showed in Dingcun and Xujiayao parietal bones, which may be related to the ossicle at lambda or pre-interparietal bone, is affected by the appearance of extra ossification centers that disturbs the parietal development. In addition, Lijiang skull displays an ossicle at lambda.
In sum, it seems that the inca bone just appears in the Homo erectus pekinensis Ⅺ skull and Shigou hominin.
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Key words:
- East Asian hominins /
- Inca bone /
- suture /
- ossification center
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图 2
北京直立人2 (a)、10 (b)、11 (c)和12 (d)号头骨背侧观
Figure 2.
Posteriorview of Homo erectus pekinensis Skull Ⅱ (a), Ⅹ (b), Ⅺ (c)and Ⅻ (d):upper image was quoted from Weidenreich[11]; lower image was photoed from the models collected in IVPP. As Weidenreich[11] stated, the arrows displayed in (a) and (b) show the mendosal suture, while the arrows displayed in (c) and (d) show the inca bone
图 3
假缝示意图(a，引自Tubbs等[16])、北京直立人10号头骨左侧(b)和右侧(c)假缝(下侧箭头指示假缝，上侧箭头指示人字缝)以及北京直立人11号头骨中印加骨形态(d)(下侧箭头指示枕横缝，上侧箭头指示人字缝)
Figure 3.
Exampleof the mendosal suture(a, Tubbs, et al. [16]), the left(b) and right(c) mendosal sutures displayed in the Homo erectus pekinensis Skull Ⅹ:infer arrows show the mendosal suture and superior arrow shows the lambdoidal suture. The inca bone displayed in Homo erectus pekinensis Skull Ⅺ (d), infer arrow shows the transverse occipital suture and superior arrows show the lambdoidal sutures
图 4
大荔头骨(a)、丁村顶骨(b)、许家窑Ⅵ顶骨(c)、许家窑Ⅹ顶骨(d)、石沟枕骨(e)、穿洞2号头骨(f)[15]、丽江头骨(g)和Olenjy Ostrow头骨(h)
Figure 4.
Viewof Dali skull (a), Dingcun parietal bone (b), Xujiayao Ⅵ parietal bone (c), Xujiayao Ⅹ parietal bone (d), Shigou occipital bone (e), Chuangdong Ⅱ skull (f)[15], Lijiang skull(g) and Olenjy Ostrow skull (h)
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