Extracting characteristic parameters of loess landslides based on high-resolution topography and its application prospect
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摘要:
黄土高原是地质灾害的易发区和频发区，传统的野外调查方法费时费力，且难以满足地质灾害精细化制图要求。而近些年来兴起的无人机（UAVs）摄影测量技术和SfM（Structure from Motion）三维建模技术已成为获取野外高分辨率地形数据的新技术。在无人机精度初步验证和野外调查的基础上，建立了11个黄土滑坡的三维数字模型，生成了高分辨率的数字正射影像（DOM）和数字高程模型（DEM）产品。在Agisoft PhotoScan、ArcGIS 10.2、Global Mapper 17、Origin Pro 9.0等平台下，完成了黄土滑坡特征参数提取和分析。研究结果表明：不同飞行高度下，无人机获取的DOM存在0.5 m左右的水平偏移，获取的DEM高程与飞行高度呈正相关，但剖面线趋势高度吻合，无人机DEM高程校准后的垂直精度可达±3 cm；与传统野外调查相比，无人机摄影测量技术和SfM建模技术能够快速、准确地获取黄土滑坡几何特征、地形特征、剖面结构等基本特征参数；低成本无人机系统在坡面尺度下非常适合黄土高原地区的滑坡调查与分析，这个新方法具有巨大的潜在应用价值。
Abstract:In China, loess covers an area of approximately 6.31×105 km2, accounting for about 6.6% of the country's total land area, and is mainly distributed in the Chinese Loess Plateau(33°~41°N, 100°~114°E). Loess landslide, one of typical geo-hazards types in the Chinese Loess Plateau, is occurring at a significantly increasing frequency, posing a serious threat to people's lives and property. Conventional field surveys require tremendous human labor, material, and financial resources, and the acquired characteristic parameters of loess landslides are only at the macroscopic level and not sufficiently accurate. Nowadays, the UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) photogrammetry technique for capturing photos and Structure from Motion(SfM)for 3D modeling from 2D photos have advantages of fast, high efficiency, low-cost, security and high resolution, which has become a new powerful technology to obtain high-resolution terrain data. The main purpose of this article is to prove that low-cost UAVs has high accuracy of measurement and can be well used in landslide field investigation. This research focuses on how to use low-cost UAVs to extract characteristic parameters of 11 loess landslides surveyed in Shaanxi Loess Plateau. We got eleven loess landslides data including high-resolution DEMs and DOMs in this field investigation. Among these landslides, five are located in the Loess Hilly Region such as Zhidan County(Yan'an City)and Jingbian County(Yulin City). Other landslides are located in the Loess Tableland Region such the Bailu Tableland(Baqiao District, Xi'an City)and the South Jingyang Tableland(Jingyang County, Xianyang City). Most of them occurred mainly in Loess Tableland slope and Loess Hilly Region's steep slope were triggered by rain, engineering excavation and agricultural irrigation. The results show that UAVs and SfM technique can quickly and accurately obtain high-resolution characteristic parameters including loess landslides' geometric feature parameters, topographic feature parameters and section structure. Low-cost UAVs is very suitable for investigation and analysis of landslides in the Loess Plateau covered with sparse vegetation. This new technique has a tremendous application value in geosciences field investigation.
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Key words:
- UAVs /
- loess landslides /
- characteristic parameters extraction /
- Chinese Loess Plateau
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图 3
不同飞行高度获取的剖面高程对比
Figure 3.
Comparison of profile elevations obtained by UAVs at different flight heights
图 4
校准后无人机高程剖面与实测高程剖面对比
Figure 4.
Profile elevations comparison of the revisionary UAVs-based DEM and the measured DEM
图 5
典型黄土滑坡高分辨率3D模型、DOM和DEM
Figure 5.
High-resolution 3D model, DOM, DEM of typical loess landslides
图 6
相对高差与其他参数的相关性分析
Figure 6.
Correlation analysis of relative height and other parameters
图 7
泾阳南塬黄土滑坡(L06)的地形特征参数频率分布
Figure 7.
The frequency distribution of characteristic parameters in the south Jingyang Tableland landslide(L06)
图 8
高程频率曲线识别滑坡(L06)外部结构
Figure 8.
Identifying external structure of L06 landslide according to its elevation frequency curve
图 9
志丹县纸坊小学滑坡主剖面位置与剖面结构
Figure 9.
Main profile position and sectional structure of Zhifang Primary School landslide in Zhidan County
表 1
滑坡位置与飞行参数
Table 1.
Landslides locations and flight parameters
滑坡
编号滑坡名称 行政区 地形区 纬度 经度 影像
数量飞行
高度
(m)DOM
分辨率
(cm)DEM
分辨率
(cm)航向
重叠率
(%)旁向
重叠率
(%)倾斜
角度
(°)L01 机瓦厂滑坡 西安市灞桥区 黄土台塬区B 34.26°N 109.09°E 525 149.7 5.65 11.3 75 75 -45 L02 霸陵滑坡 西安市灞桥区 黄土台塬区B 34.25°N 109.11°E 64 143 4.4 8.8 70 70 -45 L03 三杨坡村滑坡 西安市灞桥区 黄土台塬区B 34.25°N 109.12°E 40 165 5.12 10.24 75 75 -45 L04 宏福寺滑坡 西安市长安区 黄土台塬区B 34.10°N 108.97°E 25 76.5 2.42 4.84 80 80 -45 L05 庙店滑坡 咸阳市泾阳县 黄土台塬区C 34.50°N 108.81°E 139 93.4 2.9 5.8 75 75 -45 L06 大堡子村滑坡 咸阳市泾阳县 黄土台塬区C 34.48°N 108.86°E 322 90 2.82 5.64 75 75 -45 L07 磨坪村滑坡 榆林市靖边县 黄土丘陵区A 37.07°N 108.58°E 114 171 5.24 10.48 75 75 -45 L08 乔岔村滑坡 延安市志丹县 黄土丘陵区A 36.96°N 108.62°E 67 148 4.62 9.24 75 75 -45 L09 宋庄村滑坡 延安市志丹县 黄土丘陵区A 36.96°N 108.57°E 59 115.5 3.63 7.26 80 75 -45 L10 韩家沟滑坡 延安市志丹县 黄土丘陵区A 36.67°N 108.49°E 43 146.4 4.54 9.08 75 75 -45 L11 纸坊小学滑坡 延安市志丹县 黄土丘陵区A 36.84°N 108.61°E 162 107.1 3.37 6.73 75 75 -45 
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表 2
黄土滑坡几何特征参数统计
Table 2.
Statistics of loess landslides' characteristics in geometry
滑坡编号 滑坡名称 相对高差(m) 长度(m) 宽度(m) 周长(m) 面积(m2) 平面形态 剖面形态 L01 机瓦厂滑坡 114.47 339.33 315.27 1143 100900 舌形 凹形 L02 霸陵滑坡 85.51 58.75 200.01 455.84 6940 钝角三角形 凸形 L03 三杨坡村滑坡 66.09 157.66 80.72 492.92 13460 舌形 凸形 L04 宏福寺滑坡 26.79 26.245 23.01 100.54 687 扇形 复合型 L05 庙店滑坡 68.18 119.39 86.10 387.37 10640 扇形 凹形 L06 大堡子村滑坡 65.56 121.55 133.46 501.95 15660 长方形 凹形 L07 磨坪村滑坡 28.87 23.87 44.62 135.68 753 半圆形 直线形 L08 乔岔村滑坡 42.05 35.98 124.96 329.8 3269 半椭圆形 直线形 L09 宋庄村滑坡 46.88 46.53 43.26 193.11 2135 矩形 直线形 L10 韩家沟滑坡 75.57 68.05 125 355.90 6850 锐角三角形 直线形 L11 纸坊小学滑坡 103.14 174.23 172.23 650.66 24080 半圆形 凸形
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表 3
黄土滑坡地形特征参数统计
Table 3.
Statistics of loess landslides' characteristics parameters in topography
滑坡
编号平均海拔
(m)平均坡度
(°)平均起伏度*
(m)主滑方向
(°)L01 490.07 20.97 1.43 355 L02 498.72 43.23 6.82 132 L03 510.39 23.54 3.08 47 L04 545.50 35.03 6.01 30 L05 466.64 30.64 4.53 34 L06 474.48 27.50 3.73 350 L07 1420.57 38.10 6.30 223 L08 1327.61 39.84 6.26 151 L09 1310.32 35.41 4.87 91 L10 1294.15 41.24 6.49 97 L11 1399.04 29.85 4.02 168 *起伏度邻域分析窗口为5 m×5 m
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表 4
两种无人机在黄土滑坡研究中的对比
Table 4.
Comparison of loess landslide research about two UAVs
对比内容 测绘级无人机(四旋翼无人机) 消费级无人机(DJI) 价格 70万以上 0.3万~1万 便携程度 携带不便，需要团队作业 便携式，单人即可操作 专业程度 测绘级精度，配有专业地面站，需要布设地面控制点，相机像素高 相对精度高，但绝对精度略差，GPS精度低，相机像素低 续航能力 单块电池续航约45 min 单块电池续航约25 min 前处理和后处理流程 程序复杂 程序简单 三维建模软件 Pix4d PhotoScan 在黄土滑坡
中的应用1.获取高分辨率和高精度的正射影像和数字地形数据
2.能够实现滑坡的特征参数提取和分析
3.能够开展高精度的滑坡变形监测，估算滑坡体积
4.能够开展滑坡形态分析、动态变化过程和地貌制图
5.能够开展高分辨率的黄土滑坡数字地形分析
6.能够实现高精度滑坡测绘，可满足工程治理需求1.获取高分辨率的正射影像和数字地形数据，相对精度高
2.能够实现滑坡的特征参数提取和分析
3.能够开展低精度的滑坡变形监测，估算滑坡体积
4.能够开展滑坡形态分析、动态变化过程和地貌制图
5.能够开展高分辨率的黄土滑坡数字地形分析
6.能够实现低精度滑坡测绘，可满足科学研究
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