Last Glacial Maximum and mid-Holocene water vapor transport over East Asia:A modeling study
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摘要:
利用国际古气候模拟比较计划最新第3阶段中9个气候模式针对末次冰盛期、13个气候模式针对全新世中期的数值试验数据，集中研究了这两个时期东亚地区的水汽输送变化。结果表明，相对于工业革命前期，末次冰盛期东亚地区冬季异常水汽输送主要来自跨赤道气流和西北太平洋，东亚大陆沿岸及其临近海域为主要的水汽异常辐合区，对应冬季净降水量增加，异常辐散区主要位于热带海洋和西北太平洋，净降水量减少；夏季，东亚地区异常水汽输送通量以辐散为主，大部分地区净降水量减少，对应东亚夏季风减弱。全新世中期东亚地区冬季水汽输送变化较弱，东南部及临近海域和赤道中太平洋为异常辐散区，不利于冬季净降水；夏季异常水汽输送分别来自热带中西太平洋广阔洋面和西北太平洋异常反气旋式环流西南侧，东亚大陆大部分地区为水汽异常辐合区，夏季净降水量增加，对应东亚夏季风增强。两个时期外强迫驱动下的经向温度梯度、海陆热力对比和大气含水量变化是上述冬、夏季东亚水汽输送异常的主因。
Abstract:The experiments of nine and thirteen climate models participating in the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project phase three are used to investigate the Last Glacial Maximum and mid-Holocene changes in water vapor transport over East Asia, respectively. It is shown that with respect to the pre-industrial period, the anomalous water vapor transport over East Asia during the Last Glacial Maximum winter mainly came from the cross-equatorial flow and the Northwest Pacific. The coast of the East Asian continent and the adjacent oceans were the main anomalous water vapor flux convergence regions with increased winter net precipitation, whereas the tropical oceans and the Northwest Pacific were anomalous divergence regions with decreased net precipitation. For Last Glacial Maximum summer, anomalous water vapor transport flux mainly diverged over East Asia with reduced net precipitation in most regions, corresponding to the weakened East Asian summer monsoon. The mid-Holocene change of water vapor transport over East Asia was relatively weak in winter, with anomalous divergence and thus suppressed net precipitation over southeastern China and the adjacent oceans as well as over the equatorial central Pacific. During the mid-Holocene summer, the anomalous water vapor transport originated from the tropical western and central Pacific as well as from the southwestern side of the anomalous Northwest Pacific anticyclone, which induced anomalous convergence over most of the East Asian continent, corresponding to the increased net precipitation and strengthening of the East Asian summer monsoon. The above winter and summer water vapor transport anomalies over East Asia were mainly attributed to the changes in temperature gradient, land-sea thermal contrast, and water vapor content in response to the external forcings during these two periods.
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Key words:
- Last Glacial Maximum /
- mid-Holocene /
- East Asia /
- water vapor transport /
- modeling
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图 1
相对于工业革命前期，末次冰盛期和全新世中期整层水汽输送通量(箭头，单位：kg/m/s)及其散度(填色，单位：mm/day；负值代表辐合，正值代表辐散)变化
Figure 1.
Relative to the pre-industrial period, the LGM and mid-Holocene changes of water vapor transport flux(arrows, units: kg/m/s)and its divergence(shading, units:mm/day; negative represents convergence and positive represents divergence).(a, b)are results of 9 models, (c, d)are results of 13 models; (a, c)are for winter(December, January, and February), (b, d)are for summer (June, July, and August). The water vapor transport flux is integrated from the surface to 300hPa
图 2
相对于工业革命前期，末次冰盛期和全新世中期净降水量(降水量减蒸发量，单位：mm/day)变化
Figure 2.
Relative to the pre-industrial period, the LGM and mid-Holocene changes of net precipitation(precipitation minus evaporation, units: mm/day). (a, b)are results of 9 models, (c, d)are results of 13 models; (a, c)are for winter (December, January, and February), (b, d)are for summer(June, July, and August)
图 4
相对于工业革命前期，末次冰盛期和全新世中期地表 2m气温(单位：℃)变化
Figure 4.
Relative to the pre-industrial period, the LGM and mid-Holocene changes of surface air temperature at 2m(units:℃).
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