Ancient starch research in China: Progress and problems
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摘要:
自20世纪末21世纪初淀粉粒分析方法应用于考古学领域以来，已经在中国获得了较大的发展。中国学者通过开展现代植物淀粉粒形态学研究建立了一系列不同种属植物淀粉粒的鉴定标准，而对现代淀粉沉积过程的相关模拟实验的开展则为古代淀粉数据的解释提供了理论基础。经过近20年的普及和发展，古代淀粉研究帮助我们在粟作和稻作农业系统的形成和演化、生产生活工具的功能以及社会生计模式等方面取得了新的认识。然而，伴随着发展，淀粉粒分析方法在应用中出现的问题却越来越多，如新石器时代早中期大量出现的小麦族淀粉该怎么解释、现代数据库样本量不足导致的鉴定标准不统一、容易受到污染等，都需要面对与解决。
Abstract:Ancient starch research has made great progress in China since it was employed to the archaeobotany in late 1990's. In the past ten years, more than 70 publications related to ancient starch research in China have been issued, nearly 90 archaeological sites were involved, and more than 600 archaeological artifacts, plant remains were examined by starch grain analysis. These sites where ancient starch research were carried out distribute almost all over China except the Southwestern China, and aged from late Paleolithic to Sui-Tang Dynasties. Modern reference collections and modern process of starch deposits are basic for ancient starch identification. After a decade development, the dichotomous keys of starch grains from millets, nuts, roots and tubers were set up for identification in terms of modern reference collections, and simulation experiments were executed to study the process of starch deposits for the interpretation of ancient starch data. Taking advantage of starch grain analysis, studies on the evolution of farming systems of millets and rice, tools function, and subsistence strategies have gained new knowledge. China is the domestication centers of millets (including foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum milliaceum)) and rice (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica). Evidences of ancient starches reconstructed the process from wild millet gathering, cultivation to domestication in North China in last twenty thousand years and revealed that barnyard grasses were process with rice in the Lower Yangtze River using the grinding stone tools ten thousand years ago. Ancient starches on the surface of stone tools, potsherds and other artefacts provided the evidence for function of grinding stone tools, early potsherds, and so on. And massive data from 90 archaeological sites provided important evidence for understanding of the changes of subsistence patterns in ancient China. More achievement as this new method made, more problems occurred, however. We have to confront the problems such as 1) How to interpret the starch grains from the tribe Triticeae recovered from Neolithic China; 2) incorrect identification due to the short of modern reference collections; 3) contamination, and so on. Expanding more references in China Modern Starch Grain Morphological Database (http://cmsgd.igsnrr.ac.cn/), improving the skill of sample collection and treatment in the lab, promoting the knowledge of ancient starches among Chinese archaeologists to avoid contamination and multi-line evidences for archeaobotanical work at an archaeological sites, are needed in the future.
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Key words:
- starch grain analysis /
- archaeobotany /
- progress and problems /
- study history /
- China
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图 2
中国已开展过古代淀粉研究的遗址分布图
Figure 2.
Archaeological sites where ancient starch research was executed in China
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