摘要:
安徽淮南小孙岗遗址是淮河中游地区一处紧邻淮河的堌堆状遗址,其文化性质属于双墩文化,炭化植物种子AMS 14C测年数据显示,遗址年代约为7200~6800cal.a B.P.。本文通过对该遗址2012年9月至12月试掘时采集土样的浮选分析,发现了丰富的双墩文化时期的炭化植物遗存,包括菱属残块,葡萄属、柿属种子,栎属、枣属、桃属、梅等核壳,炭化稻米以及一些杂草种子。炭化稻米的发现表明淮河中游地区在距今7000年前后属于水稻栽培区,而大量野生植物资源的存在以及各类植物遗存的量化分析结果表明,采集是小孙岗先民获取植物性食物资源的主要方式。综合同时期已发掘遗址的动、植物考古资料研究结果,我们认为,采集、渔猎是双墩文化时期淮河中游地区先民的主要生业形式,稻作农业在当时仍只是一种辅助性的生业活动。
Abstract:
Xiaosungang site(32°41'54"N,116°58'53"E) lies in the north side of the Huaihe River in mid-Anhui Province.It belonged to the Shuangdun culture, a local Neolithic culture distributing in middle Huaihe River basin.The site was a hillock with a distribution area of 20000m2 and a total thickness of 1.7m.The site was excavated from September to November, 2012.It was divided into 10 layers, and below a modern agricultural layer were Neolithic culture layers.40 samples were collected for flotation work during excavation, 14 of them were from culture layers and the rest 26 samples were from ash pits.The AMS 14C dates of the site fell into a range of 7200~6800cal.a B.P.Abundant charred plant remains were discovered, including Trapa, Quercus, Oryza sativa, Vitis, Diospyros, Amygdalu, Armeniaca mume and Ziziphus. 4446 pieces of water chestnut remains were discovered, weighting about 43 grams.A mount of Vitis and Diospyros were simultaneously unearthed which suggests that they might be greatly used by local residents.36 charred rice seeds with no chaff were discovered, 10 of them were comparatively intact while the rest were broken.The average length and width of the intact charred rice were 4.30mm and 2.24mm respectively, with a average L/W ratio of 1.92, which indicate they were from japonica rice.Plant remains were mostly from wild fruit and nuts, while rice occupied a small quantity, not more than 1%.The ubiquity of rice was 10.3%, which was not higher than that of wild plants.It suggests that ancestors mainly rely on gathering for plant food.In addition, a lot of fish bones, snails and mussel shells were found during the floation.Most of them were fish bones of various types and sizes.It indicates the fishing industry occupied an important position in the ancestors' subsistence.The analyses of charred plant remains indicate that ancestors at the Xiaosungang relied intensely on gathering wild plants for plant food, though rice had been cultivated yet.It might be related with abundant wildlife resources around the site.This case study at the Xiaosungang provides important clues to understand the development of agriculture in the middle Huaihe River basin 7000 years ago.
下载: