Optically stimulated luminescence dating using EMCCD imaging system—A study of fundamental processes and parameter settings
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摘要:
准确且高效地记录释光信号是释光测量技术的重要基础。传统的光电倍增管(PMT)探测技术提供了样品释光信号随激发时间变化的信息。电子倍增电荷耦合器件(EMCCD)的释光成像技术可以进一步捕捉释光信号的空间分布特征, 实现空间分辨的释光测量, 如单矿物颗粒和岩片释光信号测量。该技术对于提高沉积物释光测年、岩石表层释光测年和释光热年代分析的可靠性具有重要意义。基于单颗粒石英和钾长石剂量恢复实验, 本研究系统地介绍了搭载于Risø自动释光测量仪的EMCCD成像系统及其工作原理, 探讨了光圈(Aperture)、波长(Wavelength)、高度(Height)、通道(Channel)和感兴趣区域(ROI)等参数设置对释光影像和测量结果的影响, 并总结归纳了该系统应用于光释光测年的测试与数据分析基本流程。研究结果可以为提升EMCCD成像系统测试的准确度和精度提供参考, 并有助于该技术在潜在应用领域的推广和发展。
Abstract:Accurate and efficient recording of luminescence signals is a vital foundation for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. The conventional OSL technique uses photomultiplier tube (PMT) to detect the luminescence signals arising from minerals, which can obtain one-dimensional information on the variation of luminescence signals with time. The luminescence imaging method based on an electron multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) further records the spatial variation of those signals, making OSL dates spatially resolved, such as luminescence measurements of single-grain and slice, enable the analysis of sediment dating, rock surface luminescence dating, and thermoluminescence dating to be more accurate and reliable. In this study, we introduced an EMCCD imaging system equipped on a Risø TL/OSL reader. Using dose recovery tests of single-grain quartz and K-feldspar samples under different EMCCD settings, we focus on the influences of parameters on the luminescence image and data quality, which are aperture, wavelength, height, channel and region of interest (ROI). A brief flow of applying the EMCCD imaging system for OSL dating was then summarized. Our results show that: 1) Larger aperture (10~20 mm) and ROI (Risø standard single-grain disc, φ=450 μm) help to enhance luminescence intensity and improve the reliability of effective OSL data, while the definition of ROI should be balanced between the luminescence intensity and the crosstalk; 2) Wavelength and height parameters, probably independent of measured luminescence intensity and data quality, are beneficial to obtaining clearer images; 3) The setting of channels is suggested to be adapted to the luminescence decay characteristics of the measured minerals to improve the signal-to-noise ratios; 4) Hotspots inevitably existed in the EMCCD images have a negligible effect on the equivalent dose measurement. This study will provide a reference for improving the accuracy and precision in obtaining EMCCD OSL data and promoting its application in the future.
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Key words:
- EMCCD /
- OSL dating /
- parameter settings /
- single-grain /
- quartz /
- K-feldspar
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图 1
EMCCD与PMT释光信号记录示意图
Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of luminescence records from EMCCD and PMT detectors. (a) Schematic diagram of EMCCD detector[9]; (b) Schematic diagram of EMCCD images and OSL signals; (c) Optical images and luminescence images of single grains, single aliquot and rock slice obtained by EMCCD; (d) Schematic diagram of PMT detector and single-grain detection system[6]; (e) Schematic diagram of OSL signals from PMT; (f) Single-grain green laser stimulated light (GLSL) signal and single-aliquot blue light stimulated light (BLSL) signal detected by PMT
图 4
石英(a)与钾长石(b)单颗粒测片在一个SAR测量中的热噪点统计图
Figure 4.
Statistic plots showing hotspots from quartz (a) and K-feldspar (b) single-grain disc measured using a SAR procedure, respectively
图 5
EMCCD测量过程中测片的旋转与位移
Figure 5.
Rotation and displacement of the disc during EMCCD measurements. (a) Contours extracted using snail operculum images from Duller and Roberts[24]; (b) Offsets of rotated angle and displacement for the center of bounding rectangle of snail operculum contours[24] relative to the initial measurement, with counterclockwise as positive, X-axis positive to the right and Y-axis positive upward; (c) The movements of single-grain disc center in Cartesian coordinates during one of the experiments in this study, the location of initial center is (0, 0) and the numbers represent measurement numbers; (d) Offsets of rotated angle and displacement for the single-grain disc center relative to the initial measurement in this study. Arrows indicate the repositioning of the disc during measurement
图 6
单颗粒钾长石在不同ROI直径下的测片图像与释光影像
Figure 6.
Optical and luminescence images of single-grain K-feldspar under different ROI diameters.
图 7
不同光圈和ROI直径参数设置下单颗粒石英与钾长石剂量恢复实验结果
Figure 7.
Results of dose recovery tests for single-grain quartz and K-feldspar under different apertures and ROI diameters. (a) and (b) show dose recovery ratio, proportion of effective grains and luminescent grains, OD values and Ln of single-grain quartz and K-feldspar under different aperture settings, respectively; (c) The dose recovery results of quartz and K-feldspar samples under different ROI diameter settings
图 8
不同波长和高度参数设置下单颗粒石英与钾长石剂量恢复实验结果
Figure 8.
Dose recovery results for single-grain quartz and K-feldspar under different wavelength and height settings. (a) and (b) represent dose recovery results for single-grain quartz and K-feldspar under different wavelength settings, respectively; (c) Dose recovery results for single-grain quartz and K-feldspar under different height settings
图 9
不同拍摄频率参数设置下单颗粒石英(a)和钾长石(b)释光信号衰减曲线及归一化结果
Figure 9.
Luminescence decay curves and normalized results of single-grain quartz (a) and K-feldspar (b) under different frame rate parameter settings
图 10
不同高度下单颗粒钾长石的EMCCD影像
Figure 10.
EMCCD images of single-grain K-feldspar under different heights
图 11
不同光圈下单颗粒石英(a)与钾长石(b)的EMCCD影像
Figure 11.
EMCCD images of single-grain quartz (a) and K-feldspar (b) under different apertures
表 1
测量程序
Table 1.
Measurement protocols
步骤 石英 钾长石 1 再生剂量Di，D0=6.4 Gy 再生剂量Di，D0=41.9 Gy 2 260 ℃预热10 s 250 ℃预热60 s 3 125 ℃ EMCCD OSL测量40 s，Lx 50 ℃ EMCCD IRSL测量100 s 4 检测剂量Dt=0.9 Gy 225 ℃ EMCCD IRSL测量100 s，Lx 5 220 ℃预热0 s 检测剂量Dt=9 Gy 6 125 ℃ EMCCD OSL测量40 s，Tx 250 ℃预热60 s 7 280 ℃ OSL晒退40 s 50 ℃ EMCCD IRSL测量100 s 8 返回步骤1 225 ℃ EMCCD IRSL测量100 s，Tx 9 270 ℃ IRSL晒退100 s 10 返回步骤1 
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表 2
石英和钾长石剂量恢复实验的EMCCD参数设置
Table 2.
EMCCD parameter settings for quartz(Q)and K-feldspar(KF)dose recovery tests
实验 参数 波长(nm) 光圈(mm) 高度(mm) 拍摄频率(s/通道) 1 波长 Q∶330~370，KF∶380~420 10，20 0.9 Q∶0.1，KF∶0.2 2 光圈 Q∶340~360，KF∶390~410 2.2，5，15，20，22 0.9 Q∶0.1，KF∶0.2 3 高度 Q∶350，KF∶390 20 Q∶0.1~1.7，KF∶0.1~2.9 Q∶0.1，KF∶0.2 4 拍摄频率 Q∶350，KF∶390 20 0.9 Q∶0.2，0.5，1，2
KF∶0.5，1，2，4
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