Agricultural activities inferred by the charred plant seeds at ancient Dahe City, a Tang Dynasty military garrison site, Barkol County, Xinjiang
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摘要:
屯田是有效开发和管理古代新疆地区的关键策略, 而唐代边疆屯田的农业生产状况有待系统研究。哈密地区青铜时代遗址、墓葬较集中, 与屯田相关的考古发现较少。大河古城是唐代伊州伊吾军所驻军城和重要屯田地点。本研究以新疆哈密巴里坤大河古城遗址的17份浮选样品为对象, 通过炭化植物遗存的鉴定和分析, 探讨唐代屯田生产的农作物类型, 农作物种植方式和对其他植物的利用情况。结果显示, 大河古城共发现植物种子1747粒, 其中1603粒计入统计, 主要为农作物(占比95 %), 包括5种粮食作物: 青稞(Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste)(57 %), 小麦(Triticum aestivum)(34 %), 大麦(Hordeum vulgare)(3.8 %), 粟(Setaria italica)(0.19 %), 以及豌豆(Pisum sativum)(0.12 %); 另发现1种园艺类作物葡萄(Vitis vinifera)(0.06 %), 1种香料植物花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum)(0.12 %); 另有小果白刺(Nitraria sibirica)(3.8 %)、沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)(0.31 %)、茜草科(Rubiaceae)(0.06 %)、中亚滨藜(Atriplex centralasiatica)(0.06 %)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)(0.19 %)和禾本科(Poaceae)(0.25 %)等6种野生植物。大河古城屯田生产的作物组合以青稞和小麦为主, 辅以大麦、少量的豌豆和粟为补充; 沙枣、葡萄和小果白刺等可能作为果品利用, 丰富了驻军的食谱。新疆地区首次发现的花椒种子则是典型的调味料。唐代戍卒为适应较寒冷的气候条件, 借鉴东天山地区的文化传统, 并融合自身生产经验和生产技术, 因地制宜形成了适应军事活动的屯田生产策略。针对新疆地区历史时期的植物考古研究, 将出土文书/传世文献与考古遗址植物遗存材料相互结合、交叉验证, 是全面解读历史时期人与植物关系的可靠方法。
Abstract:Military agricultural economic activities were a key component and strategy for effective management of the Xinjiang region during historical periods. The development of military agriculture activities, especially those performed for the subsistence of conscripts, still lacks systematic study and analysis. Ancient Dahe City(43.39°N, 93.10°E) in Balikun County, Xinjiang, was not only a military town, but also an important military agricultural site for the Yiwu Army stationed in Yizhou during the Tang Dynasty. The direct AMS radiocarbon date of this site is 1300~1100 cal.a B.P.
This study utilizes 17 flotation samples from the ancient Dahe City site. The authors here use archaeobotanical methods to identify and analyze carbonized plant seeds recovered from the samples. The results reveal a total 1747 plant seeds, of which 1603 are in the statistics significant. The majority are of crops(95 %), including 5 cereal crops: naked barley(Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste)(57 %); wheat(Triticum aestivum)(34 %); barley(Hordeum vulgare)(3.8 %); foxtail millet(Setaria italica)(0.19 %); and pea(Pisum sativum)(0.12 %) in addition to 1 horticultural plant, grape(Vitis vinifera)(0.06 %); 1 spice plant, Sichuan pepper(Zanthoxylum bungeanum)(0.12 %); and 6 wild plants, including the oleaster(Elaeagnus angustifolia)(0.31 %); Nitraria sibirica(3.8 %); Rubiaceae(0.06 %); Atriplex centralasiatica(0.06 %); Cyperaceae(0.19 %); and Poaceae(0.25 %). Naked barley and wheat likely dominated the regional crop pattern, with barley being an auxiliary component, supplemented by a small amount of peas and foxtail millet. Fruits, such as grapes, oleaster, and Nitraria sibirica, may have been cultivated, enriching the diet of soldiers in ancient Dahe City. Finally, the Sichuan pepper seeds, first discovered in Xinjiang, were likely consumed as a principal and typical seasoning.
The military farmers who resided in this frontier town, ancient Dahe City, during Tang Dynasty likely adopted a diversified agricultural strategy that was suitable for the support of military activities under relatively cold climatic conditions. Any special and particular agricultural strategy at this site would most likely have been performed by soldiers, coming from the Central Plains of China, bringing and melding their own farming experience and techniques, together with the cultural and traditional adaptation strategies in the Eastern Tianshan Mountain region around ancient Dahe City. This study argues that combining and cross-verifying unearthed documents and historical records with plant remains from an archaeological site, including the site of this study, is a reliable and important method for the comprehensive interpretation of the relationship between humans and plants, looking into the archaeobotanical research in Xinjiang during historical periods. While this research presents a partial picture of the military agricultural economy of the Tang Dynasty at Hami City, Xinjiang, further study is deemed necessary for a better understanding of the strategies of the Yiwu army of Dahe City.
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Key words:
- military agricultural economy /
- Dahe City /
- Barkol Basin /
- archaeobotany
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图 1
大河古城地理位置(a)及巴里坤地区唐代烽燧分布图(b)、大河古城遗址平面图(c)
Figure 1.
Location of the site of the ancient Dahe City(a), the distribution map of the watchtowers in Bailikun region, Tang Dynasty(b)and the plan of the ancient Dahe City(c)
图 2
出土炭化植物种子
Figure 2.
Typical charred plant seeds recovered from the site of the ancient Dahe City, the scale bar for(10)is 2mm and the rest of the images have the scale of 1mm. 19~20, 21~22, 23 and 24~25 represent 4 different plants belong to Poaceae
表 1
巴里坤大河古城年代测定结果
Table 1.
Dating results on the ancient Dahe City in Balikun region
实验室编号 出土位置 材料 采样点 \{14C\} age(a B.P.) 校正年代2σ(cal.aB.P.) LZU23015 2022XHDT2824-1 人骨 东墙外侧加筑上部灰层 1290±20 1284~1176 LZU23027 2022XHDH19 兽骨 H19内第二次修筑堆积，④层下 1200±30 1244~1006 LZU23028 2022XHDH23 兽骨 H23内第二次修筑堆积，④层下 1190±20 1178~1061 LZU23029 2022XHDH28 兽骨 H28内第二次修筑，④层下 1210±20 1178~1065 LZU23030 2022XHDH29 兽骨 H29内第二次修筑，④层下 1180±20 1178~1007 LZU23031 2022XHDHF1 木炭 F1门槛第三次修筑，F1 970±20 926~795 LZU23034 2022XHDHF6 木炭 F6房址木梁第一次修筑，F6 1520±30 1515~1314 LZU23036 2022XHDHF10 木炭 F10木墙第一次修筑，F10 1430±30 1366~1293 LZU23040 2022XHD附城南墙 木炭 附城南墙外侧护板第二次修筑 1270±20 1280~1153 LZU23042 2022XHDT2825 人骨 探方晚期，第三次修筑 880±20 898~730 
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表 2
大河古城植物遗存浮选结果
Table 2.
Quantitative statistics of plant seeds recovered from the ancient Dahe City
出土单位 浮选土量(L) 种类(粒) 总计 出土密度(粒/L) 青稞 小麦 大麦 粟 白刺 葡萄 花椒 沙枣 茜草 豌豆 中亚滨藜 莎草科 禾本科 2022XHDH18K1 3.3 2 2 0.6 2022XHDH19 1.1 1 1 0.9 2022XHDH20 12.65 3 1 4 0.32 2022XHDH21 3 74 39 3 116 38.6 2022XHDH23 3 4 1 5 0.6 2022XHDF6 86.35 266 180 30 3 3 1 3 4 490 5.7 2021BDT3230② 105 440 261 20 49 1 5 1 1 778 7.4 21BDT3231② 9 2 2 4 0.4 21BDT3231① 33 4 9 13 0.4 21BDT3131① 13 18 4 1 23 1.78 2022XHDT2825②底 21.45 43 36 5 2 1 1 88 4.1 2022XHDT2722② 14.3 6 6 1 13 0.9 2022XHDT2716② 20.35 19 11 1 31 1.52 2022XHDT3023 23.1 4 4 0.17 2022XHDT2920 3 12 2 5 19 6.3 2022XHDT2023 24.75 9 3 12 0.48 总计/平均出土密度 376.35 907 552 61 3 61 1 2 5 1 2 1 3 4 1603 4.26 2022XHD土样2 20.9 69 65 7 3 144
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表 3
出土植物种子相对数量占比和出土概率
Table 3.
The relative percentage of the plant seeds and the probability of discovering them
种类 相对数量百分比(%) 出土概率(%) 总数(粒) 青稞 57 100 907 小麦 34 75 552 大麦 3.8 31.2 61 粟 0.19 6.25 3 豌豆 0.12 12.5 2 小果白刺 3.8 37.5 61 葡萄 0.06 6.25 1 花椒 0.12 12.5 2 沙枣 0.31 6.26 5 茜草科 0.06 6.26 1 中亚滨藜 0.06 6.26 1 莎草科 0.19 6.25 3 禾本科 0.25 6.25 4
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