Scientific and technological analysis of newly discovered ochre from Dushan cave site in Guangxi
-
摘要:
为更好了解中国区域更新世晚期现代人行为, 本研究对广西独山洞遗址更新世晚期新发现的赭石样品进行报道, 并结合科技考古分析进行综合分析。广西独山洞遗址属于更新世晚期向全新世过渡阶段考古遗址, 赭石出土层位AMS碳十四测年结果显示其埋藏距今约1.5万年。X射线荧光(XRF)分析结果显示赭石样品化学元素组成中铁和硅的含量较高, 赭石样品成分中均含铁; X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果显示赭石样品包含石英、绿泥石、伊利石、高岭石、赤铁矿; 偏光显微分析结果显示, 赭石样品均由红色的颗粒混合而成, 单偏光下呈暗红色, 边缘圆润; 在正交偏光下全消光, 显示所有赭石样品中红色部分为含赤铁矿的多晶质集合体; 拉曼光谱分析结果显示, 样品红色区域峰值与赤铁矿拉曼峰值较为匹配, 主要在223cm-1、295cm-1、408cm-1和605cm-1有特征吸收峰, 表明赭石中含有赤铁矿。独山洞遗址新发现的赭石研究, 表明独山洞遗址古人类已具有现代人行为特征; 该遗址赭石科技考古分析数据, 为不同地区现代人行为相互比较提供了科学数据。
Abstract:Since only a few studies have been done in Southern China about ochre use during the Paleolithic, making the judgement of human behavioral modernity based on symbolic characteristics in East Asia ambiguous. The present research is expected to break this deadlock. Different from the old methods assuming some red-colored rocks as ochre samples, this study will employ various scientific methods on several newly discovered ochre samples unearthed in the Dushan cave site. The Dushan cave site(23°30'80''N, 107°80'55''E)is located at the Linfeng Town, Tiandong County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in South China. The site was investigated and excavated by the Natural History Museum of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2010. The Dushan cave has one main chamber with a northwest-facing entrance. The cave is 30m in length and 9m in width(the widest part). The excavated area was near the entrance and located at the middle part of the gallery, with 3.15m×1.80m, to a maximum depth of 1.9m. In total, four new pieces of ochre materials were found, all unearthed from the third layer, which is dated to about 15000 years ago based on radiocarbon dates of the associated charcoal samples. Combined with the assemblage characteristics of the third layer shown by lithics and other evidence, the pieces of ochre at the Dushan cave site is categorized into the late Paleolithic. Four kinds of scientific methods are applied in the present research, including X-ray fluorescence(XRF)analysis, X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis, as well as polarized light microscopic analysis and Raman analysis. Results of XRF analysis showed that the contents of Fe and Si were high in the chemical composition of the samples, and they indeed contained Fe. Results of XRD analysis showed that the samples contained quartz, chlorite, illite, kaolinite and hematite. Results of polarized light microscopic analysis showed that all samples were real red ochre(oxide red), and the sample is dark red under single polarizing light, with rounded edges. It is completely extincted under orthogonal slice light and has a large refractive index. The results showed that all ochre samples were mainly the iron red. Results of Raman analysis suggested that the peak values of all samples were consistent with ochre, the peak values were mainly concentrated around 223cm-1, 295cm-1, 408cm-1 and 605cm-1. Generally speaking, the main components of the ochre samples found at the the third layer were the iron red pigments, and no other red pigments were found. To be summarized, the analyses of newly discovered ochre materials from the Dushan cave site not only provide a basis for applying the scientific methods to study late Paleolithic ochre in China, but also give hands to evaluate reliability of naked-eye identification of ochre(-like)materials. The use of ochre is one of the signs of modern human symbolic behavior, suggesting their cognitive ability and other deep-seated spiritual capacity, which can be complementary to other evidence of behavioral modernity, such as innovation of lithic technology, structure building techniques, and effective hunting strategies. The present research is expected to serve as a cornerstone to study ochre using in the Southern China with the aid of scientific methods.
-
Key words:
- Guangxi /
- the Dushan cave site /
- ochre /
- science and technology analysis /
- modern human behavior
-
-
表 1
中国区域发现赭石的旧石器考古遗址
Table 1.
Chinese Palaeolithic archaeological sites associated with ochre
遗址 出土形态 出土详情 距今年代(万年) 来源 灵井遗址 最终使用状态 刻划骨片凹槽中有赭石粉 12.5~10.5 文献[13] 鸽子山遗址 最终使用状态 鹿牙装饰品表面涂有赭石粉 1.3~1.2 文献[14] 虎头梁遗址 原料 火堆旁发现赭石原料 1.3 文献[15] 东方广场遗址 加工状态 火堆旁发现赭石粉和赭石碎块、石锤；石砧和动物骨头上附有赭石粉 2.4 文献[16] 白莲洞遗址 加工状态 研磨器表面附有赭石粉 2.0~1.2 文献[17] 小孤山遗址 最终使用状态 贝壳装饰品刻沟上残留赭石粉 3.5~3.1 文献[18] 水洞沟遗址 最终使用状态 鸵鸟蛋片串珠上染有赭石粉 3.2 文献[19] 山顶洞遗址 最终使用形态 陪葬小砾石孔壁上、穿孔牙齿和石珠上用赭石粉染色、石灰岩砾石上有赭石粉染色痕迹、头骨上的砂质粘土含有赭石粉 3.7~3.5 文献[20] 东胡林遗址 最终使用状态 研磨赭石粉的研磨器、使用过的赭石 1.1~0.9 文献[21] 下川遗址 原料，加工状态 赭石原料、有打击痕迹的赭石、石磨盘上附有赭石粉 2.4~1.6 文献[22~24] 柿子滩遗址 原料，加工状态、最终使用形态 赭石原料、石磨盘表面残留赭石粉、赭石表面有反复摩擦的痕迹、装饰品钻孔内赭石粉 2.4~1.0 文献[25~27] 下马碑遗址 加工状态 赭石表面有反复摩擦的痕迹 4.0 文献[28] 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2
赭石样品信息表
Table 2.
Ochres Samples information
数量 发掘编号 实验室编号 层位 层位年代(万年) 1 10TD11：110 LDW2 第三层 约1.5 2 10TD11：112 LDW3 第三层 约1.5 3 10TD11：111 LDW4 第三层 约1.5 4 10TD11：113 LDW5 第三层 约1.5
下载: 导出CSV
表 3
X射线荧光分析结果
Table 3.
Results of EDX analysis
发掘编号 实验室编号 Fe Si Al Ca Ti Mn K 10TD11：110 LDW2 19.3 53.3 13.6 1.7 1.8 0.2 9.8 10TD11：112 LDW3 24.8 49.6 10.4 1.4 2.0 0.6 10.6 10TD11：111 LDW4 30.5 44.0 10.5 1.3 2.5 0.9 8.7 10TD11：113 LDW5 29.2 43.7 13.2 1.9 2.1 0.3 8.9
下载: 导出CSV
表 4
X射线衍射分析结果
Table 4.
Results of XRD Analysis
发掘编号 实验室编号 矿物成分 10TD11：110 0506z01 石英(SiO2)、绿泥石((Mg，Al)6(Si，Al)4)、伊利石((K，H3 O)Al2 Si3 Al)、赤铁矿(Fe2O3) 10TD11：111 0506z02 石英(SiO2)、绿泥石((Mg，Al)6(Si，Al)4)、高岭石(Al2 Si2 O5(OH)4)、赤铁矿(Fe2O3)
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] Henshilwood C S, d'Errico F, van Niekerk K L, et al. A 100, 000-year-old ochre-Processing workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa[J]. Science, 2011, 334 (6053): 219-222. doi: 10.1126/science.1211535
[2] Hawkes C. Archaeological theory and method: Some suggestions from the Old World[J]. American Anthropologist, 1954, 56 (2): 155-168. doi: 10.1525/aa.1954.56.2.02a00020
[3] Wreschner E E, Bolton R, Butzer K W, et al. Red ochre and human evolution: A case for discussion[J]. Current Anthroplogy, 1980, 21 (5): 631-644. doi: 10.1086/202541
[4] d'Errico F, Henshilwood C, Vanhaeren M, et al. Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: Evidence for symbolic behavior in the Middle Stone Age[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2005, 48 (1): 3-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.09.002
[5] Brooks A S, Yellen J E, Potts R, et al. Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age[J]. Science, 2018, 360 (6384): 90-94. doi: 10.1126/science.aao2646
[6] Marean C W, Bar-Matthews M, Bernatchez J, et al. Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene[J]. Nature, 2007, 449 (7164): 905-908. doi: 10.1038/nature06204
[7] Bouzouggar A, Barton N, Vanhaeren M, et al. 82, 000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007, 104 (24): 9964-9969. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703877104
[8] Henshilwood C S, d'Errico F, van Niekert K L, et al. An abstract drawing from the 73000-year-old levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa[J]. Nature, 2018, 562 (7725): 115-118. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0514-3
[9] Carciumaru M, Nitu E C, Rstina O. A geode painted with ochre by the Neanderthal Man[J]. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2015, 14 (1): 31-41. doi: 10.1016/j.crpv.2014.05.003
[10] MacDonald B L, Hancock R G, Cannon A, et al. Geochemical characterization of ochre from central coastal British Columbia, Canada[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2011, 38 (12): 3620-3630. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2011.08.032
[11] Dayet L, Bourdonnec F X, Daniel F, et al. Ochre provenance and procurement strategies during the Middle Stone Age at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa[J]. Archaeometry, 2016, 58 (5): 807-829. doi: 10.1111/arcm.12202
[12] Hodgskiss T. Identifying grinding, scoring and rubbing use-wear on experimental ochre pieces[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2010, 37 (12): 3344-3358. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2010.08.003
[13] Li Z Y, Doyon L, Li H, et al. Engraved bones from the archaic hominin site of Lingjing, Henan Province[J]. Antiquity, 2019, 93 (370): 886-900. doi: 10.15184/aqy.2019.81
[14] Zhang Y, Doyon L, Peng F, et al. An upper Paleolithic perforated red deer canine with geometric engravings from QG10, Ningxia, Northwest China[J]. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2022, 10: 814761. doi:10.3389/feart.2022.814761.
[15] 盖培, 卫奇. 虎头梁旧石器时代晚期遗址的发现[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1977, 15 (4): 287-300. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJZD197704006.htm
Gai Pei, Wei Qi. A preliminary discovered of Paleolithic site at Hutouliang site[J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1977, 15 (4): 287-300. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJZD197704006.htm
[16] 李超荣, 郁金城, 冯兴无. 北京市王府井东方广场旧石器时代遗址发掘简报[J]. 考古, 2000, (9): 1-8. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU200009000.htm
Li Chaorong, Yu Jincheng, Feng Xingwu. A preliminary report on the excavation of Paleolithic site at Wangfujing, Oriental Plaza, Beijing[J]. Archaeology, 2000, (9): 1-8. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU200009000.htm
[17] 蒋远金. 柳州白莲洞[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009: 1-475.
Jiang Yuanjin. Bailian Cave in Liuzhou City[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2009: 1-475.
[18] 张镇洪, 傅仁义, 陈宝峰, 等. 辽宁海城小孤山遗址发掘简报[J]. 人类学学报, 1985, 4 (1): 70-79. doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.1985.01.007
Zhang Zhenhong, Fu Renyi, Chen Baofeng, et al. A preliminary report on the excavation of Paleolithic site at Xiaogushan of Haicheng, Liaoning Province[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 1985, 4 (1): 70-79. doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.1985.01.007
[19] 高星, 王惠民, 裴树文, 等. 水洞沟: 2003-2007年度考古发掘与研究报告[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2013: 1-377.
Gao Xing, Wang Huimin, Pei Shuwen, et al. Shuidonggou Excavation and Research(2003-2007)Repost[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2013: 1-377.
[20] 吴新智. 山顶洞中赤铁矿粉的新解释[J]. 化石, 1987, (4): 14. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HSZZ198704012.htm
Wu Xinzhi. New interpretation of hematite in Shanding Cave[J]. Fossil, 1987, (4): 14. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HSZZ198704012.htm
[21] 赵朝洪. 北京市门头沟区东胡林史前遗址[J]. 考古, 2006, (7): 3-8. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU200607000.htm
Zhao Chaohong. Early Neolithic age Donghuling site in Mentougou District, Beijing[J]. Archaeology, 2006, (7): 3-8. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU200607000.htm
[22] 杜水生, 王益人. 山西下川遗址发掘获重要进展[N]. 中国文物报, 2015, (2): 8. https://xuewen.cnki.net/CCND-CWWB201502130082.html
Du Shuisheng, Wang Yiren. Important excavation progress at Xiachuan site, Shanxi Province[N]. China Cultural Heritage News, 2015, (2): 8. https://xuewen.cnki.net/CCND-CWWB201502130082.html
[23] 杜水生, 任海云, 张婷. 山西沁水县下川遗址富益河圪梁地点2014年T1发掘简报[J]. 考古, 2021, (4): 14-28. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU202104003.htm
Du Shuisheng, Ren Haiyun, Zhang Ting. A preliminary report of Trench 1 at the Fuyihegeliang locality, Xiachuan site, excavated in 2014 in the Qinshui County, Shanxi Province[J]. Archaeology, 2021, (4): 14-28. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU202104003.htm
[24] 杜水生. 连续与断裂: 重新认识下川遗址在中国旧石器文化研究上的意义[J]. 第四纪研究, 2021, 41 (1): 153-163. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2021.01.14
Du Shuisheng. Continuity and break: Rethinking the significance of Xiachuan site in Chinese Paleolithic research[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2021, 41 (1): 153-163. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2021.01.14
[25] 石金鸣, 宋艳花, 阎雅枚. 山西吉县柿子滩旧石器时代遗址S14地点2002-2005年发掘简报[J]. 考古, 2002, (4): 15-28. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU201302001.htm
Shi Jinming, Song Yanhua, Yan Yamei. A preliminary report of S14 locality, at Shizitan site in the Paleolithic, excavated in 2002-2005 in the Jixian County, Shanxi Province[J]. Archaeology, 2002, (4): 15-28. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU201302001.htm
[26] 原思训, 赵朝洪, 朱晓东, 等. 山西吉县柿子滩遗址的年代与文化研究[J]. 考古, 1998, (6): 57-62. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU199806007.htm
Yuan Sixun, Zhao Chaohong, Zhu Xiaodong, et al. Age and culture research in Shizitan site of Jixian County, Shanxi Province[J]. Archaeology, 1998, (6): 57-62. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU199806007.htm
[27] 石金鸣, 宋艳花. 山西吉县柿子滩遗址第九地点发掘简报[J]. 考古, 2010, (10): 7-17. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU201702003.htm
Shi Jinming, Song Yanhua. A preliminary report on the excavation of 9 locality, at Shizitan site, Jixian County, Shanxi Province[J]. Archaeology, 2010, (10): 7-17. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU201702003.htm
[28] Wang F G, Yang S X, Ge J Y, et al. Innovative ochre processing and tool use in China 40, 000 years ago[J]. Nature, 2022, 603 (7900): 284-289.
[29] 周玉端, 翟天民, 李桓. 旧石器时代人类对赭石的利用[J]. 江汉考古, 2017, (2): 43-51. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JHKG201702005.htm
Zhou Yuduan, Zhai Tianmin, Li Huan. Ochre use of Paleolithci hominids[J]. Jianghan Archaeolgy, 2017, (2): 43-51. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JHKG201702005.htm
[30] 申艳茹. 中国旧石器时代遗址中赭石的功能[J]. 南方文物, 2020, (1): 187-192. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LFWW202001022.htm
Shen Yanru. Ochre function in Paleolithic site in China[J]. Cultural Relics in Southern China, 2020, (1): 187-192. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LFWW202001022.htm
[31] Wang T Y, Wang W, Xie G M, et al. Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11, 000 years ago[J]. Cell, 2021, 184 (14): 3829-3841.
[32] Liao W, Xing S, Li D W, et al. Mosaic dental morphology in a terminal Pleistocene hominin from Dushan Cave in Southern China[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9: 2347. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38818-x. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38818-x
[33] 夏寅. 遗彩寻微——中国古代颜料偏光显微分析研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2016: 1-216.
Xia Yin. The Microscopic Analysis of Chinese Ancient Pigments by Polarzing Light[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2016: 1-216.
[34] 张尚欣, 方晓阳, 付倩丽, 等. 秦陵陪葬坑出土百戏俑彩绘颜料的初步研究[J]. 文物保护与考古科学, 2019, 31 (3): 115-121. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WWBF201903015.htm
Zhang Shangxin, Fang Xiaoyang, Fu Qianli, et al. Preliminary study of the pigments on an acrobat figurine excavated from Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum[J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology, 2019, 31 (3): 115-121. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WWBF201903015.htm
[35] 司艺, 蒋洪恩, 王博, 等. 新疆阿斯塔那墓地出土唐代木质彩绘的显微激光拉曼分析[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2013, 33 (10): 2607-2611. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GUAN201310005.htm
Si Yi, Jiang Hongen, Wang Bo, et al. Raman microspectroscopic analysis of polychrome wooden artifact from the Astana Tomb of the Tang Dynasty, Xinjiang, China[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2013, 33 (10): 2607-2611. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GUAN201310005.htm
[36] 夏寅. 显微镜探知中国古代颜料史[J]. 文博, 2009, (6): 342-346. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WEBO200906046.htm
Xia Yin. Exploring Chinese historical pigments by optical microscopy[J]. Antiquities and Museums, 2009, (6): 342-346. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WEBO200906046.htm
[37] 贺翔, 卜海军, 张宁, 等. 广元千佛崖石窟石刻彩妆颜料的分析[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2021, 41 (3): 967-972. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GUAN202103055.htm
He Xiang, Bu Haijun, Zhang Ning, et al. Technological analysis of pigment layers in the Guangyuan Thousand-Buddha Grottoes[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2021, 41 (3): 967-972. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GUAN202103055.htm
[38] 崔一付, 杨谊时, 张山佳, 等. 甘青地区马家窑文化彩陶贸易及其动力探讨[J]. 第四纪研究, 2020, 40 (2): 538-546. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.02.22
Cui Yifu, Yang Yishi, Zhang Shanjia, et al. Discuss on the trade and motive force of Majiayao cultural painted pottery in Gansu-Qinghai region[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2020, 40 (2): 538-546. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.02.22
[39] Bar-Yosef O. The archaeological framework of the upper Paleolithic revolution[J]. Diogenes, 2007, 54 (2): 3-18. doi.org/10.1177/0392192107076869. doi: 10.1177/0392192107076869
[40] Bar-Yosef O. The upper Paleolithic revolution[J]. Annual Review Anthropology, 2002, 31: 363-393. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085416. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085416
[41] Bae C J, Douka K, Petraglia M D. On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives[J]. Science, 2017, 358 (6368): eaai9067. doi. 10.1126/science.aai9067. doi: 10.1126/science.aai9067
[42] Roberts P, Louys J, Zech J, et al. Isotopic evidence for initial coastal colonization and subsequent diversification in the human occupation of Wallacea[J]. Nature Communications, 2020, 11 (1): 2068. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15969-4. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15969-4
[43] Roberts P, Perera N, Wedage O, et al. Direct evidence for human reliance on rainforest resources in Late Pleistocene Sri Lanka[J]. Science, 2015, 347 (6227): 1246-1249.
[44] Reyes-Centeno H. Out of Africa and into Asia: Fossil and genetic evidence on modern human origins and dispersals[J]. Quaternary International, 2016, 416: 249-262. doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.063. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.063
[45] Reyes-Centeno H, Ghirotto S, Détroit F, et al. Genomic and cranial phenotype data support multiple modern human dispersals from Africa and a southern route into Asia[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014, 111 (20): 7248-7253.
[46] Wedage O, Amano N, Langley M C, et al. Specialized rainforest hunting by Homo sapiens ~45, 000 years ago[J]. Nature Communications, 2019, 10: 739. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08623-1. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08623-1
[47] Perera N, Kourampas N, Simpson I A, et al. People of the ancient rainforest: Late Pleistocene foragers at the Batadomba-Lena rockshelter, Sri Lanka[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2011, 61: 254-269. doi. 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.04.001. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.04.001
[48] Aubert M, Brumm A, Ramli M, et al. Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia[J]. Nature, 2014, 514: 223-227. doi. 10.1038/nature13422. doi: 10.1038/nature13422
[49] Shipton C, O'Connor S, Jankowski N, et al. A new 44, 000-year sequence from Asitau Kuru(Jerimalai), Timor-Leste, indicates long-term continuity in human behaviour[J]. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2019, 11: 5717-5741. doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00840-5. doi: 10.1007/s12520-019-00840-5
[50] Clarkson C, Jacobs Z, Marwick B, et al. Human occupation of Northern Australia by 65, 000 years ago[J]. Nature, 2017, 547: 306-325. doi.org/10.1038/nature22968. doi: 10.1038/nature22968
[51] Maloney T, O'Connor S, Wood R, et al. Carpenters Gap 1: A 47, 000 year old record of indigenous adaption and innovation[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2018, 191: 204-228. doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.05.016. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.05.016
[52] Hamm G, Mitchell P, Arnold L J, et al. Cultural innovation and megafauna interaction in the early settlement of arid Australia[J]. Nature, 2016, 539: 280-283. doi.org/10.1038/nature20125. doi: 10.1038/nature20125
-
图(3)
表(4)
计量
- 文章访问数:
- PDF下载数:
- 施引文献: 0