Scientific and technological analysis of newly discovered ochre from Dushan cave site in Guangxi
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摘要:
为更好了解中国区域更新世晚期现代人行为, 本研究对广西独山洞遗址更新世晚期新发现的赭石样品进行报道, 并结合科技考古分析进行综合分析。广西独山洞遗址属于更新世晚期向全新世过渡阶段考古遗址, 赭石出土层位AMS碳十四测年结果显示其埋藏距今约1.5万年。X射线荧光(XRF)分析结果显示赭石样品化学元素组成中铁和硅的含量较高, 赭石样品成分中均含铁; X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果显示赭石样品包含石英、绿泥石、伊利石、高岭石、赤铁矿; 偏光显微分析结果显示, 赭石样品均由红色的颗粒混合而成, 单偏光下呈暗红色, 边缘圆润; 在正交偏光下全消光, 显示所有赭石样品中红色部分为含赤铁矿的多晶质集合体; 拉曼光谱分析结果显示, 样品红色区域峰值与赤铁矿拉曼峰值较为匹配, 主要在223cm-1、295cm-1、408cm-1和605cm-1有特征吸收峰, 表明赭石中含有赤铁矿。独山洞遗址新发现的赭石研究, 表明独山洞遗址古人类已具有现代人行为特征; 该遗址赭石科技考古分析数据, 为不同地区现代人行为相互比较提供了科学数据。
Abstract:Since only a few studies have been done in Southern China about ochre use during the Paleolithic, making the judgement of human behavioral modernity based on symbolic characteristics in East Asia ambiguous. The present research is expected to break this deadlock. Different from the old methods assuming some red-colored rocks as ochre samples, this study will employ various scientific methods on several newly discovered ochre samples unearthed in the Dushan cave site. The Dushan cave site(23°30'80''N, 107°80'55''E)is located at the Linfeng Town, Tiandong County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in South China. The site was investigated and excavated by the Natural History Museum of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2010. The Dushan cave has one main chamber with a northwest-facing entrance. The cave is 30m in length and 9m in width(the widest part). The excavated area was near the entrance and located at the middle part of the gallery, with 3.15m×1.80m, to a maximum depth of 1.9m. In total, four new pieces of ochre materials were found, all unearthed from the third layer, which is dated to about 15000 years ago based on radiocarbon dates of the associated charcoal samples. Combined with the assemblage characteristics of the third layer shown by lithics and other evidence, the pieces of ochre at the Dushan cave site is categorized into the late Paleolithic. Four kinds of scientific methods are applied in the present research, including X-ray fluorescence(XRF)analysis, X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis, as well as polarized light microscopic analysis and Raman analysis. Results of XRF analysis showed that the contents of Fe and Si were high in the chemical composition of the samples, and they indeed contained Fe. Results of XRD analysis showed that the samples contained quartz, chlorite, illite, kaolinite and hematite. Results of polarized light microscopic analysis showed that all samples were real red ochre(oxide red), and the sample is dark red under single polarizing light, with rounded edges. It is completely extincted under orthogonal slice light and has a large refractive index. The results showed that all ochre samples were mainly the iron red. Results of Raman analysis suggested that the peak values of all samples were consistent with ochre, the peak values were mainly concentrated around 223cm-1, 295cm-1, 408cm-1 and 605cm-1. Generally speaking, the main components of the ochre samples found at the the third layer were the iron red pigments, and no other red pigments were found. To be summarized, the analyses of newly discovered ochre materials from the Dushan cave site not only provide a basis for applying the scientific methods to study late Paleolithic ochre in China, but also give hands to evaluate reliability of naked-eye identification of ochre(-like)materials. The use of ochre is one of the signs of modern human symbolic behavior, suggesting their cognitive ability and other deep-seated spiritual capacity, which can be complementary to other evidence of behavioral modernity, such as innovation of lithic technology, structure building techniques, and effective hunting strategies. The present research is expected to serve as a cornerstone to study ochre using in the Southern China with the aid of scientific methods.
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Key words:
- Guangxi /
- the Dushan cave site /
- ochre /
- science and technology analysis /
- modern human behavior
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表 1
中国区域发现赭石的旧石器考古遗址
Table 1.
Chinese Palaeolithic archaeological sites associated with ochre
遗址 出土形态 出土详情 距今年代(万年) 来源 灵井遗址 最终使用状态 刻划骨片凹槽中有赭石粉 12.5~10.5 文献[13] 鸽子山遗址 最终使用状态 鹿牙装饰品表面涂有赭石粉 1.3~1.2 文献[14] 虎头梁遗址 原料 火堆旁发现赭石原料 1.3 文献[15] 东方广场遗址 加工状态 火堆旁发现赭石粉和赭石碎块、石锤；石砧和动物骨头上附有赭石粉 2.4 文献[16] 白莲洞遗址 加工状态 研磨器表面附有赭石粉 2.0~1.2 文献[17] 小孤山遗址 最终使用状态 贝壳装饰品刻沟上残留赭石粉 3.5~3.1 文献[18] 水洞沟遗址 最终使用状态 鸵鸟蛋片串珠上染有赭石粉 3.2 文献[19] 山顶洞遗址 最终使用形态 陪葬小砾石孔壁上、穿孔牙齿和石珠上用赭石粉染色、石灰岩砾石上有赭石粉染色痕迹、头骨上的砂质粘土含有赭石粉 3.7~3.5 文献[20] 东胡林遗址 最终使用状态 研磨赭石粉的研磨器、使用过的赭石 1.1~0.9 文献[21] 下川遗址 原料，加工状态 赭石原料、有打击痕迹的赭石、石磨盘上附有赭石粉 2.4~1.6 文献[22~24] 柿子滩遗址 原料，加工状态、最终使用形态 赭石原料、石磨盘表面残留赭石粉、赭石表面有反复摩擦的痕迹、装饰品钻孔内赭石粉 2.4~1.0 文献[25~27] 下马碑遗址 加工状态 赭石表面有反复摩擦的痕迹 4.0 文献[28] 
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表 2
赭石样品信息表
Table 2.
Ochres Samples information
数量 发掘编号 实验室编号 层位 层位年代(万年) 1 10TD11：110 LDW2 第三层 约1.5 2 10TD11：112 LDW3 第三层 约1.5 3 10TD11：111 LDW4 第三层 约1.5 4 10TD11：113 LDW5 第三层 约1.5
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表 3
X射线荧光分析结果
Table 3.
Results of EDX analysis
发掘编号 实验室编号 Fe Si Al Ca Ti Mn K 10TD11：110 LDW2 19.3 53.3 13.6 1.7 1.8 0.2 9.8 10TD11：112 LDW3 24.8 49.6 10.4 1.4 2.0 0.6 10.6 10TD11：111 LDW4 30.5 44.0 10.5 1.3 2.5 0.9 8.7 10TD11：113 LDW5 29.2 43.7 13.2 1.9 2.1 0.3 8.9
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表 4
X射线衍射分析结果
Table 4.
Results of XRD Analysis
发掘编号 实验室编号 矿物成分 10TD11：110 0506z01 石英(SiO2)、绿泥石((Mg，Al)6(Si，Al)4)、伊利石((K，H3 O)Al2 Si3 Al)、赤铁矿(Fe2O3) 10TD11：111 0506z02 石英(SiO2)、绿泥石((Mg，Al)6(Si，Al)4)、高岭石(Al2 Si2 O5(OH)4)、赤铁矿(Fe2O3)
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