Stress of the population from the Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties at Xujiacun site in Gaoqing County, Shandong Province: Analysis of the charred plant remains
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摘要:
渤海南岸的莱州湾滩地是中国古代重要的产盐区, 分布有众多盐业遗址。其中, 山东寿光机械林场遗址是一处东周和宋元时期的盐业遗址, 分布有盐灶、盐井和灰坑等遗迹单位。炭化遗存分析结果显示, 遗址中农作物种子的数量较少, 杂草的种类及数量较为丰富, 以藜科、菊科、禾本科、茨藻科为主, 并且发现了数量较多的草本植物茎秆, 植物比例显示出偏向自然生长的状态, 可能与放荒发展草荡以供燃料有关。寿光机械林场在东周时期处于滨海盐生草甸植被分布区, 气候较为温和干旱, 至宋元时期湿地植物增加。土壤盐碱化的环境特征并不适合发展农业, 遗址多为煮盐作坊区, 与生活区间可能隔有一定距离, 或与官府对盐业的管控有关。先民在煮盐时就地取材, 利用周边杂草作为燃料, 煮盐集中在秋末、冬季, 遗址可能存在季节性利用的特征。有关盐业遗址的炭化植物遗存的研究相对较少, 寿光机械林场遗址炭化遗存分析结果可以为研究煮盐燃料及莱州湾滩地盐业作坊区周边的环境与植物类型提供一些线索。
Abstract:Jixielinchang site(37.17°N, 118.75°E)was a salt production site in the Eastern-Zhou Dynasty and Song-Yuan Period on the Laizhou Bay beach of north-central Shandong Province, China. Benefited from the warm-temperate continental monsoon climate with abundant solar and thermal resources, as well as the mass shallow underground brine resources retained by the marine regression, Laizhou Bay has been an important salt-producing area in China since deep antiquity, evidenced by numerous salt industry sites in ancient times. There are few studies on charred plant remains from salt industry sites in China. Thus, the archaeobotanical analysis from Jixielinchang Site provide key evidence in investigating the fuel use strategies in salt-boiling, the seasonality of salt production, as well as the surrounding paleoenvironment of salt workshops of Laizhou Bay beach. Bearing this in mind, floatations and archaeonbotanical analysis was operated on soil samples collected from units of salt stoves, salt wells, and pits at Jixielinchang site. Among which, A total of 4400 charred seeds were recovered with 3875 seeds of 48 species identifiable. The analysis showed that crop seeds in the site are rare with only five species recovered. In contrast, the amount of weedy taxa were relatively large, including Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Najadaceae, etc. The largest number of seeds was found in the ash pits, and the highest average density of seeds was found in the salt pits. A large amount of charred herbaceous stem fragments was also recovered on the site. Archaeobotanical evidence suggests Jixielinchang Site was a saline meadow vegetation landscape during the Eastern-Zhou Dynasty, with a relatively mild and dry climate. Subsequently, the environment was more humid during the Song-Yuan Period. The plant assemblage indicates a state of natural growth of plants, which may be related to the policy of releasing wasteland and developing grass for fuel. Jixielinchang Site was more likely to be a pure salt-boiling workshop area as the soil salinization restricted the development of agriculture. The absolute number(1.68 %)and ubiquity(10.81 %)of cultivated plants were lower than those of non-crops. Similar to Kanjiazhai Site, it is highly possible that the salt workshop area and the living area of Jixielinchang site might be separated, which could be attributed to the government's control over the salt industry from Eastern Zhou to Song-Yuan period. Plants bearing fruit in autumn were most frequently found at this site, suggesting that the season for salt-boiling was concentrated from late autumn and winter, providing new evidence to imply that salt-boiling sites may be used seasonally. Charcoal was less recovered than herbaceous stems in Jixielinchang site. Herbs were cheaper and easier to obtain than wood, and can also provide the low temperatures required for salt boiling over a slow fire, therefore local residents might directly use the surrounding weeds as part of the main fuel. The charred seeds preserved in the salt stoves directly indicate the use of plant species as fuel, such as Poaceae, Leguminosae, Chenopodiaceae, Polygonaceae, and so on. Aiding by the toolkit combined with charcoal and phytolith analysis, more in-depth discussions on fuel utilization and paleoenvironment reconstruction of salt industry sites are expected.
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Key words:
- salt industry /
- Eastern-Zhou Dynasty /
- Song-Yuan Period /
- archaeobotany /
- fuel
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图 1
寿光机械林场遗址及本文涉及的其他遗址位置图
Figure 1.
Geographical location of Jixielinchang site in Shouguang City and other sites involved in this paper
图 2
寿光机械林场遗址出土炭化种子遗存(比例尺：1mm)
Figure 2.
Charred seeds remains from Jixielinchang site in Shouguang City(scale: 1mm)
图 3
寿光机械林场遗址各时期炭化植物种子数量百分比条形图(%)
Figure 3.
The percentage of charred seeds in each period from Jixielinchang site in Shouguang City(%).
图 4
寿光机械林场遗址东周时期和宋元时期农作物与非农作物炭化种子数量百分比(%)
Figure 4.
Comparison of the percentage of charred seeds of crops and non-crops in Eastern-Zhou Dynasty and Song-Yuan period from Jixielinchang site in Shouguang City(%). Number of remains units in each period: In Eastern-Zhou Dynasty N=22; In Song-Yuan period N=15; In total N=37
图 6
各遗迹单位出土炭化种子标准密度对比图(粒/L)
Figure 6.
Comparison of the standard density of charred seeds from different units(grains/L)
图 7
寿光机械林场出土炭屑(比例尺：1mm)
Figure 7.
Charcoal excavated from Jixielinchang site in Shouguang City(scale: 1mm)
表 1
寿光机械林场遗址不同遗迹单位浮选量与样品数量统计表
Table 1.
Statistics of flotation volume and sample number of different units at the Jixielinchang site in Shouguang City
遗迹单位数量(个) 浮选样品数量(个) 土样量(L) 样品体积比例(%) 灰坑 32 52 332 75.46 盐灶 4 14 101 22.95 盐井 1 1 7 1.59 
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表 2
寿光机械林场遗址出土炭屑遗存平均密度统计表(g/L)
Table 2.
Statistics of average density of charcoal remains from Jixielinchang site in Shouguang City(g/L)
东周时期 宋元时期 总计 灰坑 0.022 0.020 0.021 盐灶 0.016 0.020 0.017 盐井 0.656 \ 0.656 总计 0.035 0.020 0.030
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表 3
寿光机械林场遗址出土炭化植物遗存数量统计表(粒)
Table 3.
Statistics on the number of charred plant remains from Jixielinchang site in Shouguang City(grain)
名称 东周时期 宋元时期 总计 分类总数 土样 土样量(L) 311 129 440 炭屑 炭屑重(g)(>1mm) 10.789 2.593 13.382 农作物Cultivated Plants 粟(Setaria italica Beauv.) 25 20 45 74 黍(Panicum miliaceum L.) \ 2 2 粟黍残块Millet fragment \ 20 20 稻(Oryza sativa L.) \ 4 4 大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merr.) 1 \ 1 豇豆属(Vigna savi) 2 \ 2 禾本科Poaceae 稗(Echinochloa crusgalli (L.)Beauv.) 6 86 92 317 马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis(L.)Scop.) 13 84 97 狗尾草(Setaria viridis(L.)Beauv.) 8 36 44 牛筋草(Eleusine indica(L.)Gaertn.) 28 6 34 早熟禾(Poa annua L.) 3 28 31 其他(Others of Poaceae) 14 5 19 豆科Leguminosae 黄芪(Astragalus L.) 1 8 9 45 草木樨(Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb.) \ 2 2 胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.) 1 4 5 田皂角(Aeschynomene indica L.) \ 2 2 其他(Others of Leguminosae) 9 18 27 藜科Chenopodiaceae 藜(Chenopodium album L.) 1004 521 1525 2546 猪毛菜(Salsola collina Pall.) 471 107 578 碱蓬(Suaeda glauca Bge.) 28 36 64 盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa(L.)Pall.) 47 224 271 尖头叶藜(Chenopodium acuminatum Willd) 15 19 34 杖藜(Chenopodium giganteum D. Don) 38 23 61 其他(Others of Chenopodiaceae) 12 1 13 蓼科Polygonaceae 酸模(Rumex acetosa L.) \ 4 4 85 酸模叶蓼(Polygonum lapathifolium L.) 12 46 58 萹蓄(Polygonum aviculare L.) 1 1 2 其他(Others of Polygonaceae) 5 16 21 菊科Asteraceae 苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum Patrin) \ 1 1 598 蒿属(Artemisia Linn.) 135 438 573 其他(Others of Asteraceae) 22 2 24 泽泻科Alismataceae 泽泻(Alisma plantago-aquatica L.) 5 \ 5 5 大戟科Euphorbiaceae 铁苋菜(Acalypha australis L.) 25 \ 25 25 唇形科Labiatae 益母草(Leonurus japonicus Houtt.) \ 1 1 16 水苏(Stachys japonica Miq.) \ 5 5 紫苏(Perilla frutescens(L.)Britt.) \ 4 4 其他(Others of Labiatae) 2 4 6 莎草科Cyperaceae 莎草(Cyperus rotundus L.) \ 2 2 12 水莎草(Juncellus serotinus(Rottb.)C. B. Clarke) 3 \ 3 其他(Others of Cyperaceae) 1 6 7 旋花科Convolvulaceae 菟丝子(Cuscuta chinensis Lam.) \ 4 4 4 牻牛儿苗科Geraniaceae 牻牛儿苗(Erodium stephanianum Willd.) \ 2 2 2 石竹科Caryophyllaceae 繁缕(Stellaria media(L.)Cyr.) 1 \ 1 1 桑科Moraceae 葎草(Humulus scandens(Lour.)Merr.) 36 \ 36 36 马鞭草科Verbenaceae 牡荆(Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia(Sieb.et Zucc.)Hand-Mazz.) \ 1 1 1 苋科Amaranthaceae 1 \ 1 1 蔷薇科Rosaceae \ 3 3 3 锦葵科Malvaceae 1 1 2 2 茨藻科Najadaceae \ 102 102 102 不可鉴定Unidentifiable 碎果壳 23 20 43 316 碎种子 88 185 273 未知 40 169 209 209 总数 2127 2273 4400
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表 4
寿光机械林场遗址各区各单位出土炭化遗存数量统计表*
Table 4.
The number of carbonized remains in each section of Jixielinchang site in Shouguang City
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表 5
寿光机械林场遗址不同遗迹单位炭化种子统计表
Table 5.
Statistics of charred seeds from different units at the Jixielinchang site
种子数量(粒) 数量百分比 标准密度(粒/L) 灰坑 2535 57.61% 7.64 盐灶 1849 42.02% 18.31 盐井 16 0.36% 2.29
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表 6
山东地区盐业遗址煮盐季节研究对比表
Table 6.
Comparative table of the salt production seasons at salt production sites in Shandong Province
遗址或区域名称 时代 研究方法 煮盐季节的相关内容 季节性问题结论 东营南河崖遗址[43] 西周 文蛤生长线和采集时间 秋季降温时 秋 东营南河崖遗址[42] 西周 煮盐遗迹有较纯净细沙相隔，结合古文献 季节性遗址，有间歇期，官营前制盐时间在秋末至春季，官营后在冬季 秋春，冬 寿光双王城遗址，东营南河崖遗址[9] 商周时期 盐灶的朝向，季节风向 春季和/或初秋煮盐 春，初秋 寿光双王城遗址[29] 商周时期 灶棚进口和烧火工作间的朝向，结合风向和季节性气候特征，遗迹单位仅有临时住所 季节性制盐，春季至夏初制盐，秋末和冬季盐工从居住地返回盐场周围收割薪草 春夏 渤海湾南岸部分遗址[44] 东周 考古遗迹单位发现包含制盐遗迹、生活堆积和墓葬 不局限于某个季节，秋冬季节，春夏之交都可以 四季皆可
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