Stress of the population from the Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties at Xujiacun site in Gaoqing County, Shandong Province
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摘要:
本研究从胥家村南遗址入手, 试图探讨我国古人群生存压力水平、不同生业模式下古人群的生存压力变化以及不同生存压力指标之间是否存在显著相关性。因此, 选取我国黄河中下游地区不同时期18处遗址的古人群, 将这些人群的牙釉质发育不全、多孔性骨肥厚、眶顶板筛孔样变及骨膜炎4种生存压力指标的个体患病率进行对比研究及相关性检验。胥家村南遗址位于山东省淄博市高青县, 该遗址共发现北朝至隋唐时期人骨22例。从生存压力水平上看, 该人群龋病、牙釉质发育不全、牙周炎、多孔性骨肥厚及骨膜炎的出现率分别为53.85%、76.92%、15.38%、20.00%、94.74%, 其中牙釉质发育不全与骨膜炎的患病率远高于同时期其他人群, 表明该人群承受着较大的生存压力, 属于营养健康状况较为低下的农业人群。经对比研究发现, 牙釉质发育不全患病率随着时间的推移呈现明显上升趋势, 或许暗示着我国古人群的生存压力随着农业发展水平的提升逐渐增大, 营养水平和健康状况逐渐下降; 多孔性骨肥厚及骨膜炎患病率随时代改变无明显变化; 眶顶板筛孔样变患病率随着时间推移整体上呈下降趋势但变化幅度较小。不同生业模式下的古人群多孔性骨肥厚及眶顶板筛孔样变患病率并不存在显著差异, 这说明或许饮食结构并非引发贫血的最主要原因。经斯皮尔曼相关系数检验可知, 骨膜炎与贫血之间无显著相关性, 而与牙釉质发育不全关系密切。
Abstract:Xujiacun site(37°04'59''N, 117°42'15''E)is located in Gaoqing County, Zibo City, Shandong Province, China, where a total of 22 cases of human skeletal remains from the Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties were found. In this paper, we start with Xujiacun site, attempting to investigate the level of stress the ancient populations in China had to face, and the changes of stress in ancient populations under different patterns of subsistence strategy. Meanwhile, we also focus on whether there is a significant correlation between different stress indicators. We selected ancient populations from 18 sites in different periods in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. Four stress indicators were used to compare the frequency and conduct correlation tests, including enamel hypoplasia, porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia and periostitis. In terms of stress levels, the incidences of caries, enamel hypoplasia, periodontitis, porotic hyperostosis and periostitis in this population were 53.85%, 76.92%, 15.38%, 20.00% and 94.74%, respectively. The prevalence of enamel hypoplasia and periostitis was much higher than this of other populations in the same period, indicating that this population is under tremendous stress and belongs to the agriculture employed population with lower nutritional status and poorer health condition. Comparative studies found that the prevalence of enamel hypoplasia showed a significant trend of upward movement over time, perhaps suggesting that the stress of ancient populations in China gradually increased with the level of agricultural development and the level of nutrition and health condition gradually declined. Furthermore, we also find that the prevalence of porotic hyperostosis and periostitis did not change significantly over time; the prevalence of cribra orbitalia showed an overall decreasing trend over time but with a small change. The incidences of porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia did not present significant difference among the ancient populations with different patterns of subsistence strategy, suggesting that perhaps dietary structure was not the most important cause of anemia. The Spearman correlation coefficient test showed no significant correlation between periostitis and anemia, but periostitis is closely related to enamel hypoplasia.
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图 1
胥家村南遗址北朝至隋唐时期人群两性死亡年龄分布
Figure 1.
Distribution of death ages of populations in Xujiacun site
图 4
4种生存压力指标在不同人群中的出现率及线性趋势
Figure 4.
The prevalence and linear trend of four stress indicators in different populations. The data with circles are the Xujiacun data, and the data of cribra orbitalia of Xujiacun is not representative, so it was not marked circle in this figure
表 1
胥家村南遗址北朝至隋唐时期人群的性别、年龄鉴定结果
Table 1.
Identification results of sex and age
编号 性别 年龄(岁) 年龄组 M2 男 25~30 壮年期 M3 男 40~45 中年期 M5-1号个体 无法鉴定 成年 —— M5-2号个体 无法鉴定 35~55 中年期 M5-3号个体 无法鉴定 无法鉴定 —— M9-1号个体 男 30~35 壮年期 M9-2号个体 男 45~55 中年期 M9-3号个体 无法鉴定 35~55 中年期 M9-4号个体 无法鉴定 3~5 幼儿期 M10-1号个体 无法鉴定 成年 —— M10-2号个体 无法鉴定 成年 —— M11 男 60+ 老年期 M14 无法鉴定 10~13 少年期 M17-1号个体 女 40± 中年期 M17-2号个体 女 25~30 壮年期 M17-3号个体 女 20~25 青年期 M20 男 40~50 中年期 M21 男 40~45 中年期 M24 无法鉴定 3~5 幼儿期 M29-1号个体 男 40~45 中年期 M29-2号个体 男 30~40 壮年期 M31 无法鉴定 45~55 中年期 
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表 2
牙釉质发育不全在牙齿上的分布
Table 2.
Distribution of enamel hypoplasia on teeth
牙位
Position上颌Maxillae 下颌Mandible 门齿
Incisors侧门齿
Side incisors犬齿
Canines前臼齿
Premolars臼齿
Molars门齿
Incisors侧门齿
Side incisors犬齿
Canines前臼齿
Premolars臼齿
Molars总计 8 5 9 7 11 5 9 11 5 3 比例 10.96% 6.85% 12.33% 9.58% 15.07% 6.85% 12.33% 15.07% 6.85% 4.11% 总计 40 33 比例 54.79% 45.21% 总计 73
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表 3
我国不同时期古人群生存压力指标个体患病率统计
Table 3.
Statistics on the prevalence of stress indicators from different populations
编号
No.组别
Groups时代
Period生业模式
Subsistence strategy牙釉质发育不全
Enamel hypoplasia多孔性骨肥厚
Porotic hyperostosis眶顶板筛孔样变
Cribra orbitalia骨膜炎
Periostitis资料来源
Source1 淅川沟湾组 仰韶文化 采集狩猎与农业混合 10.71% 10.81% 10.81% — 王一如[32] 2 临潼姜寨组 仰韶文化 采集狩猎与农业混合 33.04% 14.29% 8.93% — Pechenkina等[33] 3 灵宝西坡组 庙底沟文化 农业为主，家畜饲养业为辅 2.86% 8.00% 14.00% — 王明辉[20] 4 章丘焦家组 大汶口文化 农业为主，家畜饲养业为辅 51.16% 5.75% 2.27% — 张晓雯[34] 5 临潼康家组 龙山文化 采集狩猎与农业混合 56.82% 55.56% 44.44% — Pechenkina等[33] 6 济南刘家庄组 商周 农业 — 23.26% 6.98% 13.24% 蒋尚武[35] 7 澄城刘家洼组 春秋 农业为主，畜牧业为辅 25.58% 4.65% 6.98% 6.98% 雷帅[36] 8 榆次聂店组 周代 发达农业 30.90% 0 5.88% 12.73% 侯侃[37] 9 西安马腾空组 东周 采集狩猎与农业混合 27.12% 5.63% 2.82% 14.08% 王一如[38] 10 曲阜奥体中心
战国—汉代组战国—汉代 发达农业 50.00% 0 0 64.71% 张晓雯等[6] 11 郑州汉代组 汉代 发达农业 6.21% 4.12% 0.59% 0.59% 孙蕾[7] 12 滕州前台组 北朝至隋代 发达农业 23.08% 19.35% — — 牛月明等[2] 13 高青胥家村组 北朝至隋唐 未知 76.92% 20.00% — 94.74% 本文 14 郑州唐代组 唐代 发达农业 18.18% 24.07% 1.85% 1.85% 孙蕾[7] 15 北京三合庄组 唐代 发达农业 — 0 1.79% 3.57% 杨诗雨[5] 16 曲阜奥体中心宋代组 宋代 发达农业 77.78% 0 8.33% 36.36% 张晓雯等[6] 17 郑州宋代组 宋代 发达农业 27.94% 28.13% 6.25% 0 孙蕾[7] 18 广饶中南世纪城组 明代 发达农业 52.94% 11.76% 0 — 肖雨妮等[8]
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表 4
我国不同时期古人群生存压力指标个体患病率相关性*
Table 4.
Correlation between prevalence of stress indicators in different populations
生存压力指标
Stress indicators牙釉质发育不全
Enamel hypoplasia多孔性骨肥厚
Porotic hyperostosis眶顶板筛孔样变
Cribra orbitalia骨膜炎
Periostitisr=0.750
(p=0.020)r=-0.330
(p=0.321)r=0.128
(p=0.725)眶顶板筛孔样变
Cribra orbitaliar=-0.064
(p=0.828)r=0.379
(p=0.148)多孔性骨肥厚
Porotic hyperostosisr=0.029
(p=0.914)*黑体表示显著相关性
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