Zooarchaeology research at the Linjia site in Qufu, Shandong Province: Exploration on the utilization strategy of animal resources during the Yueshi Culture and Shang Dynasty in the Haidai area
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摘要:
林家遗址是在山东曲阜地区发现的一处重要的夏商时期聚落。本研究对该遗址2013年度发掘出土的570件岳石文化晚期和中商时期动物骨骼进行了鉴定和定量分析。结果表明, 遗址动物群构成包括黄牛(Bos taurus)、羊(Caprinae)、猪(Sus scrofa domesticus)、狗(Canis familiaris)、狗獾(Meles meles)和梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)等, 以家养动物为主, 野生动物仅作为补充。从动物构成的历时性变化来看, 岳石文化晚期, 先民利用最多的动物为黄牛, 家猪次之; 排除掉特殊埋藏的完整动物遗存, 家猪是中商时期先民利用最多的动物, 其次是黄牛和野生鹿科动物。将研究视野扩展到海岱地区, 大多数遗址的先民主要通过饲养以猪为主的家养动物来获取肉食资源, 家养动物构成相对比较稳定, 包括猪、黄牛、羊和狗。只有少量商代遗址, 如李屋遗址, 出土的野生动物比例较高, 且野生动物种属繁杂, 这与遗址所处的特殊地理位置及遗址的特殊性有关。另外, 林家遗址岳石文化晚期以黄牛为主的动物群特征可能与遗址的性质或发掘区在聚落中所处的位置有关。
Abstract:Linjia site(35°33'57''N, 116°59'50''E), located in Qufu, Shandong Province, was an important settlement site in the Hai-dai region. In 2013, a total of 570 pieces of animal remains dated to the periods of the Late Yueshi Culture and Middle Shang Dynasty were recovered from Linjia site, including cattle(Bos taurus), sheep/goat(Caprinae), pig(Sus scrofa domesticus), dog(Canis familiaris), badger(Meles meles)and sika deer(Cervus nippon). In this study, we calculated the number of identifiable specimens(NISP), the minimum number of individuals(MNI), and meat weight(MW). Results suggest that domestic animals were predominant in both periods while wild animals served as the complement. However, diachronic changes also existed in the utilization of specific species of domestic animals. During the late Yueshi Culture stage, the proportion of NISP, MNI, and MW of cattle bones were 80%, 37%, and 73% respectively, suggesting the animals most exploited were cattle, followed by pigs and the others. Intact animal individuals(sheep/goat and dogs)were found specially buried for ritual purposes during the Middle Shang Dynasty. Except for those, the NISP of pig bones accounted for 50% among the 66 pieces of bones, basically according with those for MNI and MW, indicating that pigs were the primary carnivorous food source for ancestors at that time. Combined with 9 previous zooarchaeological studies, we further explore the subsistence economy and animal exploitation in the Hai-dai region during the period of Yueshi Culture and Shang Dynasty, when domestic animals were mainly raised to obtain meat resources in most settlements. The composition of domestic animals was relatively stable at most sites, with pigs as the dominant species, followed by cattle, sheep/goats and dogs. It is supposed that the cattle-dominated faunal assemblage during the late Yueshi Culture stage at Linjia site might be related to the nature of the site or the location of the excavation area in the settlement. Similarly, the high proportion and complexity of wild animals in several Shang Dynasty sites, such as Liwu site, might be related to its geographical location and particular utilization of the site. Through the analysis of the wildlife remains uncovered from Yinjiacheng site and Linjia site, it is speculated that the forest and freshwater resources in the Jining region were relatively scarce from Yueshi Culture due to the severe climatic anomaly around 4000a B.P. The phenomenon basically persisted until the Han Dynasty, authenticated in Records of the Historian·Collected Biographies of Merchants.
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Key words:
- Linjia site /
- Yueshi Culture /
- Shang Dynasty /
- the utilization of animal resources
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图 3
林家遗址Ⅰ区遗迹分布图(出土有动物遗存的遗迹标为红色)
Figure 3.
The distribution map of the remains in AreaⅠof Linjia site, and the pits with faunal remains unearthed were marked red
图 5
林家遗址Ⅲ区遗迹分布图(出土动物遗存的遗迹标为红色)
Figure 5.
The distribution map of the remains in Area Ⅲ of Linjia site, and the pits with faunal remains unearthed were marked red)
图 6
林家遗址岳石文化晚期出土哺乳动物可鉴定标本数(NISP)百分比(a)、最小个体数(MNI)百分比(b)以及肉食量(MW)百分比(c)示意图
Figure 6.
Schematic diagrams of percentages of NISP (a), MNI (b) and MW (c) on mammals at Linjia site during the period of late Yueshi Culture
图 7
林家遗址出土的部分带痕迹的动物遗存
Figure 7.
Representative faunal remains with modifications on bone surface unearthed at Linjia site
图 8
岳石文化时期遗址出土家养和野生哺乳动物(a)，以及各科哺乳动物(b)可鉴定标本数(NISP)百分比示意图
Figure 8.
Schematic diagrams of percentages of NISP on domestic and wild mammals (a) and on mammals (b) unearthed at Linjia site, Pengjiazhuang site and Yinjiacheng site during the period of late Yueshi Culture
图 9
林家遗址中商时期哺乳动物可鉴定标本数(NISP)百分比(a)、最小个体数(MNI)百分比(b)以及肉食量(MW)百分比(c)示意图
Figure 9.
Schematic diagrams of percentages of NISP (a), MNI (b) and MW (c) on mammals at Linjia site during Middle Shang Dynasty
图 10
商代遗址出土家养和野生哺乳动物可鉴定标本数(NISP)百分比示意图
Figure 10.
Schematic diagram of percentage of NISP on domestic and wild mammals unearthed at Linjia site, Tangshan site, Qianbu site, Liwu site, Liujiazhuang site, Daxinzhuang site and Qianzhangda site in Shang Dynasty
图 11
中商时期遗址出土各科哺乳动物最小个体数(MNI)百分比分布示意图
Figure 11.
Schematic diagram of percentage of MNI on mammals unearthed at Linjia site and Daxinzhuang site during Middle Shang Dynasty
图 12
晚商时期各遗址出土各科哺乳动物最小个体数(MNI)百分比示意图
Figure 12.
Schematic diagram of percentage of MNI on mammals unearthed at Tangshan site, Qianbu site, Liwu site, Liujiazhuang site, Qianzhangda site and Daxinzhuang site during Late Shang Dynasty
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