Preliminary analysis of the microevolution of sexual stature dimorphism among Holocene human populations in China
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摘要:
两性身高差异对了解同一人群内两性间体质、生存策略及食谱构成等方面的异同具有重要意义。目前, 中国全新世人群两性身高差异的分布状况及其演变过程尚不明确。本研究收集51组古代人群股骨最大长数据, 选取合适公式重建各人群的男、女平均身高并计算不同时代人群的两性身高差异指数, 探析中国古代人群两性身高差异的演变特征。结果显示: 两性股骨最大长差异在新石器至铁器阶段呈增大趋势; 男、女平均身高在新石器至青铜阶段显著降低, 但在青铜至铁器阶段无明显变化; 两性身高差异从新石器至青铜阶段显著增大, 但在青铜至铁器阶段无明显变化。在新石器至青铜阶段, 中国人群两性平均身高的降低可能与生存压力的增大和下肢功能性需求的降低密切相关; 两性身高差异的增大表明女性平均身高下降程度要大于男性, 这可能与两性分工的强化和食物精细化有关。
Abstract:Sexual stature dimorphism(SSD)is vital to understanding the gender differences in physical traits, survival strategies, and dietary composition. However, trends in the degree of sexual stature difference have not been studied in the Holocene human populations from China. In this study, we examined the SSD index within 51 ancient Chinese populations(included 12 Neolithic groups, 22 Bronze Age groups and 17 Iron Age groups), and compared with the past European populations. The maximum femoral length(MFL)have been transformed into stature estimates by the most reliable regression equations. The SSD index was then estimated on the average height of males and females. The MFL shows an average dimorphism of 5.86 % for Neolithic groups, 7.67 % for Bronze Age groups and 8.42 % for Iron Age groups. It demonstrated a increase in sexual dimorphism of femur length from the Neolithic to the Iron Age, which is consistent with European populations. Between the Neolithic to the Bronze Age, both male and female average height declined, which may have been caused by increasing survival pressure and lessened functional demands on the lower limbs. The range of SSD in ancient Chinese populations is from 0.91 % to 9.44 %, with an average value of 4.94 %. The degree of SSD was greater in the Bronze Age populations compared to the Neolithic populations, revealing a trend toward more gracile females in the Neolithic-Bronze period. The primary causes of this increase in SSD secular are the strengthening of sexual division of labor, sex-specific adaption to various environments and improvements in diet. Additionally, neither the average height or the SSD changed much between the Bronze and Iron Ages.
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Key words:
- maximum femoral length /
- sexual stature dimorphism /
- Holocene /
- secular trend /
- China
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图 2
中国和欧洲全新世人群两性股骨最大长差异程度的演变
Figure 2.
Secular changes in the sexual dimorphism of maximum femoral length within Chinese and European populations during Holocene. Solid line for the linear correlation between SMFLDI and age in China; dashed line for the linear correlation between SMFLDI and age in Europe
图 3
中国和欧洲全新世人群身高演变
Figure 3.
Secular changes in stature within Chinese and European populations during Holocene. (a)Comparison of male average height between different periods in China; (b)Comparison of the microevolution of male average height between Chinese and European populations; (c)Comparison of female average height between different periods in China; (d)Comparison of the microevolution of female average height between Chinese and European populations. Solid line for the linear correlation between average height and age in China, and dashed line for the linear correlation between average height and age in Europe in Fig. 3b and 3d
图 4
中国和欧洲全新世人群两性身高差异的时代变化趋势
Figure 4.
Secular changes in sexual stature dimorphism within Chinese and European populations during Holocene. (a)Comparison of the SSDI between different periods in China; (b)Comparison of the microevolution of the SSDI between Chinese and European populations, and the solid line for the linear correlation between SSDI and age in China, and the dashed line for the linear correlation between SSDI and age in Europe
表 1
中国全新世人群两性股骨最大长(MFL)分布 *
Table 1.
Distribution of the maximum femoral length(MFL)of Chinese populations during the Holocene
遗址 时代 分期 男性(n) MFL(cm) 女性(n) MFL(cm) 贾湖组[15] 新石器时代 裴李岗文化时期 10 46.1 12 44.9 姜家梁组[16] 新石器时代 小河沿文化时期 11 44.8 6 42.6 圩墩组[17] 新石器时代 马家浜/崧泽文化时期 12 44.0 10 40.3 梁王城组[18] 新石器时代 大汶口文化时期 14 45.2 14 42.4 西夏侯组[19] 新石器时代 大汶口文化时期 7 46.0 6 43.3 北阡组[20] 新石器时代 大汶口文化时期 23 44.8 10 42.2 汪沟组[21~22] 新石器时代 仰韶文化时期 34 44.3 25 42.1 孙庄组[13, 22] 新石器时代 仰韶文化时期 14 44.7 11 42.5 牛河梁组[23] 新石器时代 红山文化时期 6 43.6 6 42.3 清凉寺组[24] 新石器时代 仰韶/龙山文化时期 40 44.9 19 43.6 陶寺组[25] 新石器时代 龙山文化时期 23 44.5 12 40.3 丁公组[26] 新石器时代 龙山文化时期 9 44.8 9 41.7 朱开沟组[27] 青铜时代 朱开沟文化时期 13 43.3 11 40.9 大甸子组[28] 青铜时代 夏家店下层文化时期 7 42.8 8 39.7 上孙家寨Ⅰ组[29] 青铜时代 卡约文化时期 47 44.1 44 40.6 北吕组[30] 青铜时代 先周和西周 10 43.8 8 42.5 少陵原组[31] 青铜时代 西周 18 43.9 13 41.5 西村组[32] 青铜时代 西周 20 43.8 6 39.8 东阳组[33~34] 青铜时代 西周早期-东汉晚期 13 43.8 10 40.9 两醇组[35] 青铜时代 周 23 43.8 7 41.0 天利组[36] 青铜时代 西周晚期-战国晚期 31 44.2 12 41.2 内阳垣组[37] 青铜时代 春秋 17 44.9 10 41.8 西亚斯组[9] 青铜时代 东周 26 45.5 9 39.7 新店子组[38] 青铜时代 东周 10 43.2 6 41.4 玉皇庙组[39] 青铜时代 东周 47 43.5 54 41.3 双楼组[11] 青铜时代 春秋中晚期-战国末期 10 45.2 7 41.2 井沟子组[40] 青铜时代 春秋晚期-战国早期 14 43.6 10 39.3 平洋组[41] 青铜时代 春秋晚期-西汉 17 42.9 16 40.6 乔村A组[42] 青铜时代 战国中期 56 44.4 20 42.4 寨头河组[43] 青铜时代 战国 17 44.4 8 41.3 土城子组[44] 青铜时代 战国 24 43.4 10 39.7 余吾Ⅰ组[45] 青铜时代 战国-东汉 8 44.3 5 40.2 大堡山组[10] 青铜时代 战国晚期 21 44.3 16 40.4 乔村B组[42] 青铜时代 战国晚期 18 44.5 7 41.6 薛村Ⅰ组[12, 46] 铁器时代 汉 27 46.0 16 41.6 常乐组[47] 铁器时代 汉 24 45.0 18 40.8 乙烯组[35] 铁器时代 汉 62 43.9 37 40.1 西屯Ⅰ组[48~49] 铁器时代 汉 21 43.6 19 42.1 陶家寨组[50] 铁器时代 汉晋 128 45.3 113 41.1 上孙家寨Ⅱ组[29] 铁器时代 汉 19 44.7 23 40.1 喇嘛洞组[51] 铁器时代 三燕文化时期 40 43.8 35 40.6 西屯Ⅱ组[48~49] 铁器时代 北朝 6 42.0 9 41.6 薛村Ⅱ组[12, 46] 铁器时代 唐 8 44.5 6 40.4 吴忠西郊组[52] 铁器时代 唐 18 44.1 18 40.1 新郑组[12, 46] 铁器时代 宋 15 43.1 13 40.6 十村组[53] 铁器时代 宋元 8 45.0 12 39.8 东山坡组[54] 铁器时代 元 12 42.8 16 39.8 薛村Ⅲ组[12, 46] 铁器时代 明清 10 43.6 18 39.7 马檀山组[55] 铁器时代 明清 10 42.6 10 40.5 余吾Ⅱ组[45] 铁器时代 明清 5 44.8 13 40.9 西屯Ⅲ组[48~49] 铁器时代 明清 8 43.2 7 40.3 *贾湖组仅包含2001年贾湖遗址第七次发掘中出土的人骨材料[15]；丁公组含有少量商代人骨[26]，东阳组年代处于西周早期至东汉晚期之间[33~34]，余吾Ⅰ组处在战国至东汉时期[45]，但考虑到各组内人群在体质特征上的一致性或发表文献的初始分组，本文将丁公组归入新石器时代，将东阳组和余吾Ⅰ组归入青铜时代 
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表 2
欧洲全新世人群两性股骨最大长(MFL)分布
Table 2.
Distribution of the maximum femoral length(MFL)of European populations during the Holocene
遗址 国家 测年(a B.P.) 男性(n) MFL(cm) 女性(n) MFL(cm) Skateholm II[1] 瑞典 6950 5 43.7 7 41.0 Pontcharaud[1] 法国 6250~5950 13 43.0 18 41.0 Ajvide[1] 瑞典 5050~4250 22 43.2 14 40.7 Västerbjers[1] 瑞典 4850~4450 13 44.5 10 41.8 Unterhautzenthal[1] 奥地利 4150~3770 8 44.5 7 41.7 Hainburg[1] 奥地利 3950~3650 24 44.8 31 41.5 Castellon Alta[1] 西班牙 3650~3150 10 43.9 6 40.8 Olmo di Nogara[1] 意大利 3550~3150 17 45.2 16 41.2 Melchendorf[1] 德国 3150~2650 19 45.0 6 42.1 Wetwang Slack[1] 英国 2350~2020 30 44.5 30 42.0 Jinonice[1] 捷克 2350~1950 8 44.9 7 40.5 Simonsborg[1] 丹麦 1950~1750 9 47.1 11 43.0 Quadrella[1] 意大利 1950~1550 10 43.6 7 41.3 Lucus Feroniae[1] 意大利 1950~1650 10 43.0 12 42.2 Halbturn[1] 奥地利 1850~1450 5 44.4 7 42.0 Rue Jacques Brel[1] 法国 1850~1700 7 45.9 11 42.5 Poundbury[1] 英国 1650~1550 20 44.6 20 40.9 Gz4[56] 波兰 1450~950 40 46.3 20 42.1 Pohansko[57] 捷克 1450~950 25 45.9 19 41.5 Roselle[1] 意大利 1450~850 10 44.9 9 41.6 Brucknendorf[1] 奥地利 1350~1150 13 43.2 8 42.2 Laxenburger Str./Voesendorf[1] 奥地利 1350~1150 19 44.4 16 40.9 Jau Dignac[1] 法国 1349~1250 8 45.7 7 41.7 Moedling[1] 奥地利 1320~1130 18 45.7 19 42.6 Vicenne Campochiaro[1] 意大利 1250~1350 11 46.8 7 42.5 Mikulcice[1] 捷克 1150~1050 33 46.4 20 42.1 Santa Maria de Hito[1] 西班牙 1150~850 19 45.4 19 42.5 Villanueva de Soportiva[1] 西班牙 1100~850 13 44.7 10 41.5 Dresden Briesnitz[1] 德国 1050~750 14 47.4 8 42.3 Zwentendorf[1] 奥地利 1050~900 12 45.8 10 42.6 York[1] 英国 950~600 29 45.8 30 42.1 Blackgate[1] 英国 950~800 30 45.6 31 42.2 Sigtuna[1] 瑞典 870~650 47 46.2 26 42.2 Westerhus[1] 瑞典 850~650 48 46.8 56 42.6 Sporkova[1] 捷克 850~450 21 45.5 12 41.5 Vrsany[1] 捷克 850~450 14 45.2 14 41.3 San Baudelio de Berlanga[1] 西班牙 850~750 12 45.0 10 40.7 Leiria[1] 葡萄牙 750~400 16 45.3 10 42.8 Opava-Pivovar[1] 捷克 650~550 14 47.0 10 42.8 Mistihalj[1] 波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维亚 550~450 27 46.6 27 42.8 Renko[1] 芬兰 450~91 17 45.4 13 42.3 Spitalfields[1] 英国 250~100 20 44.3 20 40.9 Porvoo[1] 芬兰 250~150 10 44.2 9 41.6 Observance[1] 法国 250~150 14 43.6 6 41.1 Siracusani[1] 意大利 150~50 17 43.0 6 41.2 Sassari[1] 意大利 80~20 5 43.9 5 38.4 Ruff[1]书中给出的数据链接已失效，可在https://fae.johnshopkins.edu/chris-ruff/中查阅欧洲全新世人群股骨数据
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表 3
身高重建公式
Table 3.
Regression formula for estimating stature
分组 性别 参考人群 人群年龄 公式*(cm) 资料来源 第一组 男性 中国汉族 21~30岁 Sa=2.30×MFLb+64.362 邵象清[63] 女性 中国汉族 19~66岁 S=2.671×MFL+48.3913 张继宗[64] 第二组 男性 黄种人 —— S=3.66×MFL+5 朱泓[65] 女性 黄种人 —— S=3.71×MFL+5 第三组 男性 法国人群 —— S=1.880×MFL+81.306 Pearson[66] 女性 法国人群 —— S=1.945×MFL+72.844 第四组 男性 欧洲人群 成年 S=2.72×MFL+42.85 Ruff等[61] 女性 欧洲人群 成年 S=2.69×MFL+43.56 * a—身高；b—股骨最大长
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