Major and trace elements geochemical characteristics and paleoenvironmental implications of borehole ZK01 in Taiyuan Basin of the North China
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摘要:
沉积岩的主、微量元素蕴含了大量的地质信息, 在古环境、古气候变化的研究中, 占据着极其重要的地位。本研究以太原盆地ZK01钻孔为对象, 通过对长度为853.5m岩芯的主、微量元素和元素比值(如化学风化指数CIA、Al2O3/Na2O、MgO/CaO、Rb/Sr、Cu/Zn、V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr)变化特征进行分析, 旨在探讨太原盆地古环境、古气候变化。研究发现, 主、微量元素变化特征指示了太原盆地具有Al2O3、Na2O、Ni、Cr、Cl、S亏损, CaO、Pb、N、Rb明显富集的特征; 通过对CIA指数研究表明, 太原盆地地层和大陆上地壳(UCC)及陆源页岩的风化强度序列为: 下土河组一段>红崖组>下土河组二段>陆源页岩>小白组>木瓜组>汾河组>大沟组>UCC; 从Cu/Zn、V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)元素比值变化可以判断研究区环境自下而上表现为弱还原性-弱氧化性的旋回, 且以贫氧为主; 又根据CIA、Al2O3/Na2O、MgO/CaO、Rb/Sr变化特征可将盆地气候划分为3个阶段: 中新世晚期(8.1~5.3Ma), 气候变化由寒冷干燥转向温暖湿润; 上新世-早更新世(5.30~0.78Ma), 气候以温暖湿润为主, 5.30~2.58Ma气候温暖湿润, 2.58~1.64Ma气候相对稳定, 1.64~0.78Ma寒冷干燥与温暖湿润气候交替出现; 中更新世-全新世(0.78~0Ma), 基本为温暖湿润气候。研究表明, 研究区气候变化不仅反映了东亚季风由上新世前不显著至上新世中逐步建立, 直至第四纪早期稳定建立的动态过程, 还反映出青藏高原隆升等构造活动对其造成的影响。
Abstract:Taiyuan Basin is one of the large rifted basins in Shanxi faulted basins, and serves as an important heavy industry base in the North China region. Reconstructing its Late Cenozoic palaeoenvironment and paleoclimate can not only better study the climate evolution in Shanxi Province, but also help to understand the Late Cenozoic weather characteristics in the North China, Central Asia and even the global scale. According to the stratigraphic divisions of geomagnetic data, the Late Cenozoic sediments revealed by hole ZK01 in Taiyuan Basin can be classified into 6 lithologic groups(members)from profile bottom to top: The first member(N1x1)and the second member(N1x2)of the Miocene Xiatuhe Formation, Pliocene Xiaobai Formation(N2xb), Hongya Formation(N2h); Lower Pleistocene Dagou Formation(Qp1d), Mugua Formation(Qp1m); Pleistocene-Holocene Fenhe Formation(Qf1), and through magnetic stratigraphic methods determine the age of the bottom boundary of the Late Cenozoic strata in this area to be 8.1Ma. The Sr content as well as the Cu/Zn, V/Cr, and V/(V+Ni)ratios suggest that the chemical distributions showing a certain layering in the Late Cenozoic sediments, and the sedimentary environment in study area shows a cycle of weak reduction and oxidation from bottom to top which is mainly oxygen-poor. The CIA values of all strata in the Taiyuan Basin are higher than those of the continental upper crust(47.92), whilst the CIA values of the terrigenous shale, Fenhe, Mugua, and Xiaobai formations are significantly lower than those of terrigenous shale. In addition, the CIA values of the second member of the Xiatuhe Formation, the Hongya Formation, and the first member of the Xiatuhe Formation are larger than those of the terrigenous shale. Hence it can be known that the sequence of weathering intensity is: the first member of the Xiatuhe Formation>Hongya Formation>the second member of the Xiatuhe Formation>Terrigenous Shale>Xiaobai Formation>Mugau Formation>Fenhe Formation>Dagou Formation>UCC(Upper Continental Crust). According to the elemental ratios, the mean values of MgO/CaO and Rb/Sr in each layer are 0.44, 0.38(Fenhe Formation); 0.37, 0.32(Mugua Formation); 0.64, 0.26(Dagou Formation); 0.73, 0.30(Hongya Formation); 0.46, 0.33(Xiaobai Formation); 1.19, 0.36(the second member of the Xiatuhe Formation); 1.24, 0.47(the first member of the Xiatuhe Formation). The climate evolution of Taiyuan Basin can be roughly divided into three stages: During the Pliocene(5.3~8.1Ma), the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene(0.78~5.30Ma), Middle Pleistocene-Holocene(0.78~0Ma), and the Miocene(5.3~8.1Ma), the climate changed from cold and dry to warm and humid. The Pliocene-Early Pleistocene(0.78~5.30Ma)is mainly warm and humid, with frequent fluctuations in the elemental curve at 5.30~2.58Ma. Stable climate characteristics in 2.58~1.64Ma, and cold-dry and warm-humid climates in 1.64~0.78Ma, appeared alternately, with two short periods of cold and dry climate in the Hongya Formation(about 390.00m)and Dagou Formation(at 203.65m). Since the Middle Pleistocene(0.78Ma), a cold and dry climate has appeared, whereas the whole Middle Pleistocene is basically warm and humid climate. These variations reflect the dynamic process of the East Asian monsoon from insignificant before the Pliocene to the gradual establishment in the Pliocene to the stable establishment in the Early Quaternary, which may be related to the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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Key words:
- Taiyuan Basin /
- Cenozoic /
- geochemistry /
- climate change /
- weathering intensity
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图 1
山西断陷盆地带的构造图(a)和ZK01钻孔位置图(b)
Figure 1.
Tectonic map of Shanxi faulted basin depression zone (a) and location diagram (b) of borehole ZK01
图 2
太原盆地地层野外照片与各地层分界处岩性变化
Figure 2.
Stratigraphic field photographs and lithologic changes at stratigraphic boundaries in Taiyuan Basin.
图 3
ZK01钻孔年龄-深度线性关系图
Figure 3.
The linear relationship between the drilling age and depth of borehole ZK01, and data comes from Wei et al. [19]
图 8
太原盆地微量元素上地壳标准化
Figure 8.
Standardization of trace elements in upper crust of Taiyuan Basin
表 1
晋中盆地晚新生代岩石地层划分沿革
Table 1.
Division and evolution of Late Cenozoic rock strata in Jinzhong Basin
张士亚[27] 曹家欣等[28] 王乃樑等[29] 山西省地质矿产局[26] 魏荣珠等(2022)[19] 时代 晋中断陷 太谷地区 时代 太谷地区 时代 太谷地区 时代 晋中盆地 时代 晋中盆地 Q
(第四纪)汾河组 马兰组 Q Qh-Qp2 汾河组 Qh-Qp2 汾河组 离石组 柳沟组 木瓜组 Qp1 木瓜组 Qp1 木瓜组 Qp1 木瓜组 N2
(新近纪)义安组 大沟组 大沟组 大沟组 大沟组 大沟组 红崖组 红崖组 红崖组 静乐组 N22 红崖组 史家社组 小白组 Q-N 南畔组 N2 小白组 N2 小白组 N21 小白组 西谷组 胡村组 下土河组 N 深凹组 下土河组 下土河组 N15 下土河组 二段 城子组 N14 一段 王吴组 
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表 2
ZK01孔综合地层划分及沉积环境变化[19]
Table 2.
Comprehensive stratigraphic division and sedimentary environment changes of borehole ZK01[19]
年代(Ma) 年代地层 岩石地层 埋深(m) 主要沉积相 系 统 代号 组 地层符号 0~0.78 第四系 全新统-中更新统 Qh-Qp2 汾河组 Qf1 0~110.21 浅湖-河漫沼泽-河流 0.78~2.58 下更新统 Qp1 木瓜组 Qp1m 110.21~182.00 半深湖 大沟组 Qp1d 182.0~263.8 滨浅湖 2.58~3.60 新近系 上新统 N22 红崖组 N2h 263.8~399.3 三角洲 3.6~5.3 N21 小白组 N2xb 399.3~584.0 半深湖-深湖 5.30~7.25 中新统 N15 下土河组二段 N1x2 584.0~704.0 河流-滨浅湖 7.25~8.10 N14 下土河组一段 N1x1 704.0~853.5 冲积扇
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表 3
太原盆地主量元素含量(%)均值与最值
Table 3.
Mean and maximum values of some major elements in Taiyuan Basin
采样位置 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO K2O Na2O MgO Al2O3/Na2O Mgo/CaO CIA* 0~110.21 m
汾河组
(n=21)均值 59.28 12.84 4.7 6.4 2.58 1.66 2.69 8.57 0.44 68.71 最小值 53.14 10.87 2.63 2.26 2.23 1.03 1.18 3.35 0.25 58.19 最大值 69.47 14.92 6.83 9.73 3.18 3.24 3.74 14.49 0.62 74.09 110.21~182.00 m
木瓜组
(n=14)均值 56.15 11.62 4.09 10.1 2.33 1.42 2.61 9.84 0.37 69.48 最小值 29.28 7.83 2.92 3.65 1.43 0.56 1.94 4.39 0.08 60.35 最大值 71.66 14.37 6.12 29.51 2.71 2.59 4.22 16.71 0.62 76.44 182.0~263.8 m
大沟组
(n=16)均值 61.07 12.77 4.52 4.78 2.64 1.95 2.81 8.61 0.64 66.59 最小值 48.82 11.1 2.12 2.3 2.23 0.64 1.22 3.42 0.45 57.04 最大值 68.54 16.53 7.31 8.3 3.28 3.26 5.48 25.83 1.08 78.45 263.8~399.3 m
红崖组
(n=37)均值 55.5 13.83 5.75 6.7 2.85 1.04 3.86 15.77 0.73 73.37 最小值 39.36 7.87 2.85 2.29 1.84 0.51 2.15 4.88 0.21 61.45 最大值 63.84 16.92 8.02 20.17 3.45 2.35 7.16 32.94 2.04 80.34 399.3~584.0 m
小白组
(n=40)均值 49.35 11.55 4.67 11.83 2.51 1.22 4.29 10.40 0.46 69.61 最小值 16.36 4.4 1.61 3.94 0.85 0.39 1.52 3.74 0.11 54.15 最大值 66.74 16.37 7.46 31.84 3.65 2.6 10.28 25.64 0.94 77.77 584~704 m
下土河组二段
(n=26)均值 62.46 13.57 5.21 4.04 2.88 1.23 2.44 13.54 1.19 72.06 最小值 51.5 9.39 3.11 0.55 2 0.54 1.3 4.12 0.11 63.97 最大值 72.24 17.34 7.75 13.89 3.77 3.17 4.12 24.37 3.09 77.53 704.0~853.5 m
下土河组一段
(n=28)均值 67.2 13.06 4.35 3.01 2.68 0.67 1.51 22.32 1.24 76.1 最小值 55.92 6.54 2.08 0.37 1.38 0.24 0.54 6.52 0.08 65.09 最大值 84.08 18.31 7.41 13.18 3.6 1.54 3.25 35.37 3.03 81.02 全钻孔
(n=182)均值 57.92 12.8 4.86 6.94 2.66 1.23 3.07 11.52 0.73 71.46 最小值 16.36 4.4 1.61 0.37 0.85 0.24 0.54 3.35 0.08 54.15 最大值 84.08 18.31 8.02 31.84 3.77 3.26 10.28 33.29 3.09 81.02 UCC 均值 66.6 15.4 5.04 3.59 2.80 3.27 2.48 47.24 0.69 47.92 陆源页岩 均值 62.8 18.9 7.22 1.3 3.7 1.2 2.2 15.75 1.69 70.36 * CIA=100×Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO*+Na2O+K2O)，计算中主量元素含量均需换算成摩尔分数；CaO*为硅酸盐中的CaO，即全岩中CaO扣掉化学沉积的CaO的摩尔分数[41]，而对于CaO*的校正，采用CaO*=CaO-(10/3×P2O5)；校正后CaO*摩尔数为Na2O和CaO的最小值
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表 4
几大区域部分主量元素平均含量(%)
Table 4.
Average content of major oxides in several regions(%)
研究区 SiO2 Al2O3 CaO Fe2O3 MgO K2O Na2O TiO2 P2O5 MnO UCC[32] 66.60 15.40 3.59 5.04 2.48 2.80 3.27 0.64 0.15 0.10 鄂尔多斯[33] 45.45 13.00 1.43 8.93 1.24 2.30 1.20 0.41 0.35 0.13 NASC[34] 64.80 16.90 3.56 5.70 2.85 3.99 1.15 0.78 0.13 0.06 CEC[35] 65.46 13.65 3.31 5.37 2.52 2.58 2.75 0.65 0.15 0.10 洛川[36] 66.15 14.13 6.74 5.46 2.29 2.72 1.50 0.77 0.16 0.10 太原盆地 57.92 12.8 6.94 4.86 3.07 2.66 1.23 0.59 0.12 0.11
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表 5
太原盆地部分元素富集系数
Table 5.
Standardization of some elements in Taiyuan Basin
地层元素含量 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO K2O Na2O MgO 汾河组 0.89 0.83 0.93 1.78 0.92 0.51 1.08 木瓜组 0.84 0.75 0.81 2.81 0.83 0.43 1.05 大沟组 0.92 0.83 0.90 1.33 0.94 0.60 1.14 红崖组 0.83 0.90 1.14 1.87 1.02 0.32 1.56 小白组 0.74 0.75 0.93 3.30 0.90 0.37 1.73 下土河组二段 0.94 0.88 1.03 1.13 1.03 0.38 0.98 下土河组一段 1.01 0.85 0.86 0.84 0.96 0.20 0.61
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表 6
太原盆地各地层微量元素含量最值与均值
Table 6.
Mean and maximum values of trace elements contents in different layers in Taiyuan Basin
采样位置 Pb Br Ga Zn Nb Ni Mn Cr N Cl S P Cu Sr Rb Rb/Sr V/Cr V/(V+Ni) Cu/Zn 0~110.21 m
汾河组
(n=21)最小值 14.1 0.5 13.1 24.0 9.7 8.8 271 28.1 134 77.8 154 393 9.0 168 61.1 0.18 1.24 0.7 0.29 最大值 25.8 2.9 21.8 106.4 14.3 46.6 1350 89 424 577 631 677 37.3 342 129 0.63 1.39 0.72 0.39 均值 20.37 1.68 16.64 69.37 12.94 31.47 685.38 64.88 245.01 231.22 263.57 581.22 24.17 257.89 97.2 0.38 1.3 0.71 0.35 110.21~182.00 m
木瓜组
(n=14)最小值 15.9 0.9 9.6 47.1 10.2 18.4 382 42.9 144 106 126 545 11.6 184 65.3 0.19 1.09 0.68 0.19 最大值 24.9 2.1 17.7 86.3 14.7 36.5 1177 75.6 459 231 1835 869 28.1 479 106 0.45 1.3 0.75 0.5 均值 19.16 1.37 14.9 63.77 13 27.05 647.50 59.02 288.28 154.86 484.59 642.85 20.89 292.45 90.1 0.32 1.19 0.72 0.34 182.0~263.8 m
大沟组
(n=16)最小值 15.5 1.1 12.9 22.8 9.4 8.5 221 23.7 99 98 108 424 7.9 246 65.4 0.18 1.04 0.69 0.27 最大值 28.3 2.4 22.0 141 15.2 46.1 785 90.3 373 238 259 852 152 468 125 0.35 1.29 0.77 1.08 均值 19.17 1.6 16.25 66 12.37 24.74 485.25 58.63 200.04 149.93 179.41 605.79 28.86 354.34 88.8 0.26 1.15 0.72 0.38 263.8~399.3 m
红崖组
(n=37)最小值 16.7 1.0 10.8 39.4 8.6 18.0 393 37.4 79 64.60 91.40 394 14.0 258 61.1 0.10 1.03 0.68 0.3 最大值 31.8 2.5 26.5 125 17.2 52.3 2398 111 488 228 226 995 43.2 786 153 0.57 1.42 0.76 0.62 均值 23.18 1.66 18.98 81.94 13.33 33.84 778.62 71.99 258.08 111.80 149.30 544.50 28.34 405.92 110.3 0.30 1.2 0.72 0.35 399.3~584.0 m
小白组
(n=40)最小值 10.6 0.7 7.5 20.3 3.0 7.4 263 8.7 134 72.10 118 317 7.2 212 50.6 0.03 1.05 0.67 0.27 最大值 33.7 3.0 24.9 124 17.5 45.8 1048 98 679 747 2127 726 56.0 1641 136 0.56 1.35 0.73 0.63 均值 22.28 1.82 17.71 79.61 12.68 31.99 685.94 65.87 380.26 195.18 505.41 507.40 30.58 440.80 106.6 0.33 1.17 0.7 0.39 584~704 m
下土河组二段
(n=26)最小值 14.5 0.3 11.4 43.1 7.8 15.7 434 38.9 127 48.40 86.30 270 13.7 161 68.4 0.18 1.1 0.69 0.3 最大值 32.6 2.0 25.7 116.7 15.8 46.0 1486 103 651 330 632 991 42.9 536 148 0.70 1.23 0.73 0.66 均值 23.5 1.16 17.99 78.16 12.26 32.43 697.75 67.96 306.09 128.31 236.63 556.33 28.16 316.25 103.4 0.36 1.17 0.7 0.37 704.0~853.5 m
下土河组一段
(n=28)最小值 12 0.4 7.6 26 6.7 12.7 349 22.6 141 54 81 207 7.4 68.6 43.4 0.24 1 0.7 0.28 最大值 31.9 1.86 24.1 107.8 15.7 41 927 88.5 538 682 822 794 81.7 382 142 0.63 1.37 0.73 0.86 均值 20 1.05 14.67 59.7 11.32 25.35 601.02 53.6 231.94 152.93 185.3 472.18 22.08 200.4 90.16 0.47 1.21 0.72 0.36 全钻孔
(n=182)最小值 10.6 0.3 7.5 20.3 3.0 7.4 220.7 8.7 79.0 48.4 80.5 207 7.2 68.6 43.4 0.03 1 0.67 0.19 最大值 33.7 3.0 26.5 140.5 17.5 52.3 2398 110.8 679.1 747.3 2127 995 152 1641 153 0.70 1.42 0.77 1.08 均值 21.48 1.5 17.02 72.87 12.56 30.22 668.57 64.07 281.64 160.89 286.07 546.65 26.75 334.57 99.98 0.35 1.2 0.71 0.36
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表 7
各微量元素平均含量与上地壳对应元素含量(10-6)
Table 7.
Average contents of trace elements and corresponding elements in the upper crust
地层 微量元素含量 Pb Br Ga Zn Nb Th Ni Cr N Cl S Cu Sr Rb Zr Y 汾河组 20.37 1.68 16.64 69.37 12.94 9.83 31.47 64.88 245.01 231.22 263.57 23.77 257.89 97.22 199.44 22.64 木瓜组 19.16 1.11 17.57 74.85 12.79 10.28 31.39 65.16 210.23 163.26 202.06 31.04 259.38 102.33 206.71 20.34 大沟组 19.17 1.60 16.25 66.00 12.37 9.08 24.74 58.63 200.04 149.93 179.41 28.86 354.34 88.76 226.34 19.31 红崖组 23.40 1.65 19.32 83.29 13.53 12.67 34.31 73.19 262.55 112.20 148.58 28.79 393.06 111.91 179.70 23.58 小白组 22.16 1.82 17.53 78.72 12.57 12.07 31.75 65.33 368.91 189.49 482.99 30.09 448.51 105.59 161.18 24.68 下土河组二段 23.50 1.16 17.99 78.16 12.26 11.28 32.43 67.96 306.09 128.31 236.63 28.16 316.25 103.40 173.20 20.64 下土河组一段 20.00 1.05 14.67 59.70 11.32 9.07 25.35 53.60 231.94 152.93 185.30 22.08 200.40 90.16 180.39 17.77 上陆壳均值 17.00 1.60 17.50 67.00 12.00 10.50 47.00 92.00 83.00 370.00 621.00 28.00 320.00 84.00 193.00 21.00
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表 8
微量元素富集系数值
Table 8.
Enrichment coefficient values of trace elements
微量
元素地层 汾河组 木瓜组 大沟组 红崖组 小白组 下土河组二段 下土河组一段 Pb 1.2 1.13 1.13 1.36 1.31 1.38 1.18 Br 1.05 0.86 1 1.04 1.14 0.72 0.66 Ga 0.95 0.85 0.93 1.08 1.01 1.03 0.84 Zn 1.04 0.95 0.99 1.22 1.19 1.17 0.89 Nb 1.08 1.08 1.03 1.11 1.06 1.02 0.94 Th 0.94 0.91 0.86 1.19 1.16 1.07 0.86 Ni 0.67 0.58 0.53 0.72 0.68 0.69 0.54 Cr 0.71 0.64 0.64 0.78 0.72 0.74 0.58 N 2.95 3.47 2.41 3.11 4.58 3.69 2.79 Cl 0.62 0.42 0.41 0.3 0.53 0.35 0.41 S 0.42 0.78 0.29 0.24 0.81 0.38 0.3 Cu 0.86 0.75 1.03 1.01 1.09 1.01 0.79 Sr 0.81 0.91 1.11 1.27 1.3 0.99 0.63 Rb 1.16 1.07 1.06 1.31 1.27 1.23 1.07 Zr 1.03 1.07 1.17 0.92 0.84 0.9 0.93 Y 1.08 1.1 0.92 1.12 1.18 0.98 0.85
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表 9
氧化与还原环境的判别指标
Table 9.
Discriminant index of oxidation and reduction environment
环境性质 Cu/Zn V/Cr V/(V+Ni) 还原环境 <0.21 >4.25 >0.84 亚还原环境 0.21~0.35 2.00~4.25 0.54~0.82 氧化环境 0.35~0.50 < 2 < 0.60
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