Holocene summer monsoon variation and environmental response in the drainage basin of Lake Bande in the inner Tibetan Plateau
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摘要:
青藏高原作为地球"第三极", 对全球气候变化响应敏感。在季风与西风协同作用下, 青藏高原在过去数千年中的年代际、百年时间尺度上存在南北相反的气候变化格局; 但受限于青藏高原腹地缺少年代可靠的全新世高分辨率气候记录, 千年时间尺度高原南北气候变化模态异同仍不明晰, 更无从得知高原腹地湖泊及其流域的生态环境对气候变化的响应过程。本研究聚焦高原腹地沱沱河上游的开放湖泊班德湖(34.239°N, 92.099°E; 4583m a.s.l), 基于长115cm的BDH19A沉积物岩芯的植物残体AMS 14C年代建立了可靠的年代框架, 通过粒度、元素、矿物、自生碳酸盐及其碳、氧同位素、有机质含量和正构烷烃等多指标, 重建了过去10ka以来青藏高原中部的气候变化与生态环境响应过程。结果显示, 青藏高原腹地在全新世以来表现出北半球夏季太阳辐射控制下夏季风降水逐渐减少的季风模式, 导致流域和湖泊生产力持续降低, 区域风沙活动整体增强。在千年时间尺度上, 10~8.7ka高原中部夏季风降水量最大, 加之可能由于植物覆盖度较高, 流域径流侵蚀减弱, 风沙活动减少; 7.7~5.2ka和4~2ka夏季风降水维持高值, 入湖径流增加, 促进流域和湖泊生物生产力提高, 风沙活动受到抑制; 相反, 8.7~7.7ka、5.2~4ka和2ka以来高原中部风沙活动的加剧是对亚洲夏季风快速衰退的响应, 当前班德湖流域风沙环境是过去2ka干旱风沙环境的延续与加剧。
Abstract:As the "Third Pole" of the Earth, the Tibetan Plateau is sensitive to global climate change. Interactions between the Asian monsoon and the Westerlies systems control climatic and environmental changes in the Tibetan Plateau, resulting in an out-of-phase pattern of precipitation variation between the northern and the southern Tibetan Plateau on decadal to centurial time scales during the past several millenniums. However, it is not clear whether such an out-of-phase pattern of precipitation existed on a millennial time scale during the Holocene due to the lack of high resolution precipitation records with robust chronology from the northern Tibetan Plateau. In addition, it remains unknown how the ecosystem of a lake and the natural environment in its drainage basin response to climate change. In the present study, we focus on a 115-cm-long sedimentary core(BDH19A)collected from Lake Bande(34.239°N, 92.099°E; 4583 m a.s.l), an open lake in the upper reaches of Tuotuo River in the inner Tibetan Plateau where is located in an arid and semi-arid continental climate and surrounded by desert, alpine grassland and meadow. The reliable age model of the core was established by using AMS 14C dates from plant remains. Based on multiple proxies including grain size, XRF-based elements, minerals, carbon and oxygen isotopes of authigenic carbonate, organic matter content and n-alkanes from lacustrine sediments, the Holocene climate variations and their influences on the environment in the inner Tibetan Plateau during the past 10 ka(1 ka=1000 cal.a B.P.)were reconstructed. The results show that the oxygen isotope of authigenic carbonate, representing the summer monsoon precipitation, ranges from -10.70 ‰ to -5.80 ‰, with an average of -9.03 ‰, and has been continuously positive since the Early Holocene, indicating that the precipitation gradually decreased during the Holocene. The percentage of sand in sediments increased rapidly from about 30 % during the Early Holocene to over 60 % during the Late Holocene. In addition, the values of principal component 1, which represents the terrigenous mineral elements decreases periodically during the Holocene. The organic matter content ranges from 2.27 % to 7.08 % (with an average of 4.18 %)and the total concentration of n-alkanes ranges from 2.76 μg/g to 21.83 μg/g(with an average of 6.45 μg/g). The carbonate content varies from 21.59 % to 57.73 % (with an average of 36.70 %), and its carbon isotope values change between 3.21 ‰ to 7.50 ‰ (with an average of 5.45 ‰). In summary, the terrestrial mineral elements content, carbonate content, carbon isotope of authigenic carbonate, organic matter content and total n-alkanes concentration decreased correspondingly during the Holocene. We also found that the inner Tibetan Plateau has experienced a gradually decreasing summer monsoon precipitation during the Holocene, which was triggered by the Northern Hemisphere summer insolation; the long-term decreasing precipitation has led to a continuous decline of productivity in the basin and the lake, and led to the overall increase of regional aeolian activities. On millennium timescales, summer monsoon precipitation was enhanced during 10.0~8.7 ka, resulting in decreased runoff erosion and weakened aeolian activities with a possible higher vegetation coverage. During the periods of 7.7~5.2 ka and 4~2 ka, the summer monsoon precipitation maintained at a high level and the runoff increased, promoting increased productivity and the inhibited aeolian activities. On the contrary, the intensification of aeolian activities were the response of the rapid decline of Asian summer monsoon during intervals of 8.7~7.7 ka, 5.2~4.0 ka and 2~0 ka. We suggest that the modern aeolian environment in the drainage basin of Lake Bande is the continuation and intensification of the arid and aeolian environment during the past 2 ka.
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Key words:
- Tibetan Plateau /
- Lake Bande /
- Asian summer monsoon /
- Holocene /
- ecological environment response
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图 1
研究区地理位置及气候
Figure 1.
Map showing the location and climate of the study area. (a)Distribution of Lake Bande and the cited paleoclimatic records in the Tibetan Plateau, and circulation systems affecting the plateau[58]; (b)The drainage basin of Lake Bande and the BDH19A core location; (c)Monthly mean precipitation and temperature recorded by the Tuotuohe Meteorological Station near Lake Bande from 1981 to 2010(data source: http://data.cma.cn)and monthly mean δ18Op(1991~2005)[58]
图 2
班德湖BDH19A钻孔放射性碳测年结果及年代框架
Figure 2.
Radiocarbon dating results and chronological framework of BDH19A core from Lake Bande. (a)Calibration of carbon reservoir effect(x and y represent depth and age, respectively); (b)"Depth-age" model
图 3
班德湖BDH19A钻孔沉积物的岩性、矿物成分等地球化学指标变化
Figure 3.
Variation of lithology, indexes of geochemistry(e.g., mineral type)of BDH19A core from Lake Bande.(a~c)Percentages of sand, silt and clay(%), respectively, (d~e)Principal component 1 and 2, respectively; (f~g)Percentages of organic matter and carbonate(%), respectively. The photo of the core was shown in the left, and the white boxes represent locations of 14C dates
图 4
班德湖BDH19A钻孔元素主成分1和主成分2空间荷载图
Figure 4.
The spatial load diagram of principal component 1 and 2 of elements in BDH19A core from Lake Bande
图 5
班德湖岩芯沉积物XRD分析结果
Figure 5.
XRD analysis results of sedimentary core from Lake Bande.(a~l)XRD analysis spectrum of representative samples, and C and Q represent mineral calcite and quartz, respectively
图 6
班德湖BDH19A岩芯不同深度的方解石矿物扫描电镜图片
Figure 6.
Scanning Electron Microscopy results of samples with different depth in BDH19A core from Lake Bande. Calcite has a structure of cubic crystal, self or semi-self morphology
图 7
班德湖自生碳酸盐矿物δ18Oc和δ13Cc
Figure 7.
Variations of δ18Oc and δ13Cc of authigenic carbonate mineral from Lake Bande. (a)Time-series of δ18Oc and δ13Cc sequence; black solid rectangles represent samples for XRD analysis; the intervals are divided into three units; (b)Scatter plot of δ18Oc and δ13Cc with polynomial(second-order)curve fitting in different units
图 8
班德湖沉积物的正构烷烃随时间序列变化
Figure 8.
Variations of n-alkanes in the sediments of Lake Bande. (a)Proportion of aquatic plants(Paq); (b)Average chain length(ACL); (c)Carbon preponderance index(CPI); (d~f)Relative proportion of C17~19, C23~25 and C27~33(%), respectively; (g)Total concentration of n-alkanes(Σn-alkane, μg/g)(gray solid line)and polynomial curve fitting results(grey blue line)
图 9
降水和湖水δD与δ18O散点图
Figure 9.
δ18O versus δD of precipitation and lake water. Black line shows the Global Meteoric Water Line(GMWL). The brown rectangle(TTH)means annual mean precipitation isotopes at Tuotuohe Station from 1991 to 2005 documented in Gobal Network of Isotopes in Precipitation(GNIP)[58]; Modern lake water isotopes of Lake Bande(BDH: Lake Bande, green rectangular); Blue rectangles represent water isotopes of four surrounding lakes, including GLC: Goulu Co; CC: Cha Co; XC: Xiacangjia Co; WLN: Wuli Co
图 10
过去10 ka青藏高原古气候记录对比及气候强迫
Figure 10.
Paleoclimatic records from the Tibetan Plateau with climate forcing factor during the past 10 ka. (a)Tree-ring δ18O sequence from Delingha[13]; (b)Mineral cluster 2 recorded from the Lake Heihai, which represents the intensity of ISM precipitation[19]; (c)Pollen-based mean annual precipitation(Pann) in Qinghai Lake Basin[24]; (d)Authigenic carbonate δ18Oc from Lake Bande(this study); (e)δ18O of ostracod shells from Linggo Co[32]; (f)δ18O from authigenic carbonate(red line)and ostracod shells(dark green dots)from Aweng Co[26]; (g)δD records of long chain n-alkanes C27(dark red line and dots)and C29(black line and dots)from Paru Co[18]; (h)Stalagmite δ18O records from Tianmen Cave[14]; (i)35°N solar insolation in July[108]. Black dotted lines in(a~e)represent polynomial(third-order)fitting curves
图 11
基于班德湖多指标重建的青藏高原中部过去10 ka的气候变化与环境响应
Figure 11.
Climate change and environmental response in the central Tibetan Plateau during the past 10 ka recorded by multiply porxies from Lake Bande. (a)Principal component 1 values; (b)Percentage of sand(%); (c)Proportion of aquatic plants(Paq); (d)Organic matter content(%); (e)Total concentration of n-alkanes(Σn-alkane, μg/g)(gray solid line)and polynomial curve fitting(grey blue line); (f~g)Authigenic carbonate δ13C andδ18O(‰, VPDB). The light yellow shaded areas indicate periods with drought and strong aeolian activities under the influence of rapid decline of the Asian Summer Monsoon
表 1
青藏高原中部班德湖BDH19A钻孔放射性碳测年结果
Table 1.
Radiocarbon dating results of BDH19A core from Lake Bande in the central Tibetan Plateau
Beta编号 样品 深度(cm) 材料 14C年代±误差(a B.P.) δ13C(‰) 碳库校正14C年代±误差(a B.P.) 日历年年代(2σ)(cal.a B.P.) 615413 BDH19A-S 0.5 水生植物残体 4470±30 -13.5 2±30 -56~60 535112 BDH19A8-9 cm 8.5 水生植物残体 4720±30 — 252±30 0~427 535113 BDH19A28-29 cm 28.5 水生植物残体 5430±30 -6.3 962±30 793~925 535114 BDH19A45-46 cm 45.5 水生植物残体 7220±30 -5.4 2752±30 2769~2929 535115 BDH19A70-71 cm 70.5 水生植物残体 10080±30 -25.6 5612±30 6306~6476 535116 BDH19A82-82.5 cm 82.25 木头 7480±30 -24.8 — 8193~8370 535117 BDH19A107.5-108 cm 107.75 木头 8360±30 -23.9 — 9294~9468 
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表 2
班德湖BDH19A钻孔元素主成分分析*
Table 2.
PCA for XRF elements in BDH19A core from Lake Bande
元素 主成分1 主成分2 Al 0.90 -0.15 Si 0.94 0.04 K 0.96 -0.70 Ca 0.48 0.77 Ti 0.94 -0.14 Fe 0.92 -0.28 Cu 0.28 -0.68 Zn 0.51 -0.71 Rb 0.88 -0.29 Sr 0.63 0.67 Mn 0.63 0.34 Zr 0.66 0.54 方差贡献(%) 57.64 21.79 累积方差贡献(%) 57.64 79.43 *加粗字体为元素在该主成分中荷载最大
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