OSL chronology of sediments in the Tengger Sandy Desert and its indication to aeolian sand source and desertification mechanism
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摘要:
腾格里沙漠地处东亚夏季风现代影响区的西北边缘，长期以来被认为是东亚沙尘暴多发中心之一。近年来的研究较明确地支持腾格里沙漠晚更新世以来的沉积环境发生了巨大变化，但该区沙漠化的机制仍需进一步研究。文章基于石英矿物的光释光测年技术，研究了腾格里沙漠南部腹地系列剖面的沉积年代，结合已有研究结果，重建了该区风沙堆积历史，获得如下认识：1）腾格里沙漠末次冰盛期以来的风沙堆积主要集中在16~10 ka及约1.5 ka以来两个时段；2）腾格里地区16~10 ka的风沙堆积发生在区域由干变湿的时段，而7.3 ka、5.1 ka和3.8~3.3 ka的风沙堆积发生于区域湿度较高背景下的干旱时段。由于这些时段的气候环境有利于风沙的堆积与固定而不利于风沙的产生，因而推断16.0~3.3 ka时段腾格里地区的风沙主要来自上风向地区的输入；3）腾格里大面积地区的沙丘/沙山堆积于最近0.37 ka以来降水较少的时段，略晚于区域高强度的人类工程活动，表明现今可见的沙丘/沙山地貌景观的形成是人类高强度工程活动触发、就地起沙的结果。
Abstract:Tengger Sandy Desert(TSD) (37°30'~40°00'N, 102°30'~106°00'E) lies at the northwest edge of the modern East Asian summer monsoon domain. This area has long been considered as one of the most important sources of the frequent sandstorm in East Asia. It was reported that the TSD was ultimately formed after a series of drastic environmental changes during the Late Pleistocene, however, the mechanism of desertification in vast area of the desert is unclear yet. In this study, more than 10 profiles in different locations in the southern hinterland of the TSD were studied and 27 OSL samples were collected and measured. This study reveals that in the southwestern hinterland of the desert, either lacustrine clay or aeolian sands accumulated during 13~10 ka, and lacustrine sediments developed in different areas >3.8 ka and >0.37 ka, and aeolian sands accumulated in different areas synchronously at around 16 ka, 10 ka, 7.3 ka and after 0.37 ka. In the southeastern hinterland, either greenish grey clay or brown clay developed during 7.90~0.80/0.37 ka, and aeolian sand started to accumulated in vast areas since 0.80/0.37 ka. Besides, either the layer of sandy clay was replaced by loess or the clay lay was replaced by sandy clay at the interval of 3.8~3.3 ka in the southern hinterland of the TSD. These results support that a dramatic expansion of desert environment since ca. 0.80 ka, especially after 0.37 ka. Combined with the previously studies from the lake shorelines and drill cores within the hinterland of the TSD, the OSL dating results from profiles within the hinterland of the desert support that there was an aeolian erosion environment during the last glacial maximum, and aeolian sand accumulation at 16 ka, 10 ka, 7.3 ka and after 1.5 ka, especially during the latest 0.37 ka. A comparison with the climatic background indicates that the aeolian sand accumulated during 15~12 ka and ca. 10 ka when the climate shifted from dry to wet, and at dry intervals of 7.3 ka and 5.1 ka and 3.8~3.3 ka under a generally humid climatic background. The climatic background during these intervals is more favorable to aeolian sand/dust accumulation than production of drift sand. Therefore, it can be inferred that the aeolian sands that accumulated in the modern TSD before 3.3 ka was mainly sourced from the upwind arid areas. Initiation of sand accumulation at the base of sand dunes/hills in vast area of the present-day TSD since 0.37 ka under the background of low precipitation, was somewhat later than the peak time of the intensified human activities in this area. This fact supports the idea that desertification in vast area of the TSD during the latest 0.37 ka is triggered by the intensified human activities, and the sands accumulated nearby the place where they were eroded from.
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图 1
研究区地理概况及采样点和涉及到的其他剖面点(BYG[77]、GL1/2[63, 78]、TGL1[63]、TGL3[63]、TGL4[63]、TGL5[63]、TD03[17]、TD06[17]、MD03[17]、MD05-3[17]、MD06[17]、TD13-1[17]、TD13-2[17]、TD13-5[17]、TD13-6[17]、XS[24]和SJC[58])的空间分布
Figure 1.
Geographical setting and distribution of sampling locations and referred profiles(BYG[77], GL1/2[63, 78], TGL1[63], TGL3[63], TGL4[63], TGL5[63], TD03[17], TD06[17], MD03[17], MD05-3[17], MD06[17], TD13-1[17], TD13-2[17], TD13-5[17], TD13-6[17], XS[24] and SJC[58]).
图 2
代表性剖面TGL-8-1沉积地层照片
Figure 2.
Photos of the sedimentary characteristics in the representative section TGL-8-1.
图 3
腾格里地区不同剖面地层柱状图及光释光测年结果
Figure 3.
The lithology and OSL dating results obtained at profiles within the hinterland of the Tengger Sandy desert.
图 4
代表性样品TGL-53-300的OSL信号衰减曲线(a)和剂量增长曲线(b)
Figure 4.
Decay curve of OSL signal (a) and dose response curve (b) from the representative sample TGL-53-300
图 5
TGL-63-126样品等效剂量(De)与特征饱和剂量(D0)相关关系图
Figure 5.
Plot of De versus D0 of OSL signals for the representative sample TGL-63-126
图 6
腾格里南部地区风沙沉积物中石英矿物的等效剂量(De)值与灵敏度校正后的自然光释光信号强度(Ln/Tn)关系图图中虚线代表根据最小年龄模型计算得出的De值
Figure 6.
The relationship between the De values and Ln/Tn of OSL signals from quartz fractions in aeolian sands in the hinterland of southern Tengger. The dotted line represents the De values calculated based on the minimum age model
图 7
腾格里地区沙漠化历史与气候背景的对比
Figure 7.
Coupling of desertification in Tengger area with the climate backgrounds.
图 8
腾格里地区近2 ka以来沙漠化历史与气候记录及周边地区人类活动历史对比
Figure 8.
Coupling of desertification in the hinterland of the Tengger with the climate backgrounds and human activity history in the vicinity area during the latest 2 ka.
表 1
腾格里沙漠腹地沉积剖面和沉积特征
Table 1.
Sedimentary profiles and characteristics within the hinterland of the Tengger Sandy Desert
剖面 TGL-8-1 TGL-14 TGL-4 坐标和海拔 37°46′25.90″N，103°40′21.57″E；1609 m 38°03′01.00″N，103°14′23.00″E；1510 m 38°01′36.86″N，104°23′27.13″E；1441 m 地貌特征 丘间洼地的垛状固定沙丘，地表见白刺、黄蒿和沙米 丘间地风蚀残丘，出露地表约1 m 垛状固定沙丘，地表以白刺为主，见少量碱蓬 沉积特征 0~20 cm(U1)：棕黄色细砂，在10 cm处取OSL样；
20~35 cm(U2)：棕黄色黄土；
35~100 cm(U3)：棕黄色粘土质砂，在40 cm处取OSL样；
100~150 cm(U4)：棕黄色细砂0~20 cm(U1)：棕褐色粘土，表面有泥裂；
20~140 cm(U2)：灰白色中~细砂，钙质胶结，在40 cm和140 cm处取OSL样；
140~330 cm(U3)：140~170 cm为湿砂，其粒度比下层粗，170~330 cm为干的灰白色细砂，发育水平层理，单层厚度约2 cm，在250 cm和330 cm处取OSL样0~110 cm(U1)：棕黄色细砂，无明显层理，有较多植物根系，在100 cm处取OSL样；
110~140 cm(U2)：灰白色中~细砂与棕黄色细砂交错；
140~150 cm(U3)：灰白色粘土质细砂剖面 TGL-3 TGL-63 TGL-60 坐标和海拔 37°41′48.42″N，104°40′41.38″E；1436 m 37°54′17.13″N，104°36′05.23″E；1430 m 38°15′31.05″N，104°20′59.90″E；1370 m 地貌特征 固定沙丘链，地表被植被固定 河流冲蚀天然露头，顶部为现代固定沙丘覆盖，长有梭梭、蒿类、柠条、沙蓬等 开挖于固定沙丘底部，沙丘顶部植物以沙棘为主 沉积特征 0~145 cm(U1)：棕黄色细砂，0~60 cm、100~145 cm无明显层理，60~100 cm有平行层理，有较多植物根系，在40 cm和130 cm处取OSL样；
145~230 cm(U2)：棕褐色粉砂质粘土，有虫孔、植物根系，220 cm处见地下潜水出露；
230~240 cm(U3)：棕黄色细砂，在230 cm处取样0~55 cm(U1)：棕黄色中~细砂；
55~82 cm(U2)：棕黄色砂质荒漠土，在68 cm处取OSL样；
82~130 cm(U3)：棕灰色土壤，120~130 cm见胶膜状或者菌丝体状的白色碳酸盐淋滤，见腐烂的植物根，该层自顶部至底部成壤作用逐渐增强，腐烂的植物根系增多，在86 cm和126 cm处取OSL样；
130~150 cm(U4)：棕褐色粘土，粘土质地坚硬，并见碳屑，未见底0~67 cm(U1)：棕黄色中~细砂，在30 cm和65 cm处取OSL样；
67~140 cm(U2)：棕褐色粘土质粉砂，在130 cm处取OSL样；
140~165 cm(U3)：棕褐色粘土，虫孔发育；
165~180 cm(U4)：灰白色粘土(未见底)，虫孔发育剖面 TGL-12 TGL-14-2 TGL-13-2 坐标和海拔 37°48′55″N，103°02′41″E；1584 m 38°04′01.25″N，103°14′15.89″E；1496 m 38°03′04″N，102°53′11″E；1486 m 地貌特征 半固定沙丘底部，周围植被主要为白刺、黄蒿、沙米 沙丘，表层被植被覆盖 沙丘高约15 m，沙丘底部粘土出露 沉积特征 0~30 cm(U1)：棕黄色中~细砂，在30 cm处取OSL样；
30~35 cm(U2)：棕褐色粘土；
35~40 cm(U3)：灰白色粘土；
40~50 cm(U4)：棕黄色细砂0~30 cm(U1)：棕黄色土壤；
30~60 cm(U2)：棕黄色松散细砂，在50 cm处取OSL样0~100 cm(U1)：现代棕黄色风成沙，在100 cm处取OSL样；
100~120 cm(U2)：棕褐色粘土；
120~160 cm(U3)：棕黄色风成沙，在150 cm处取OSL样剖面 TGL-53 坐标和海拔 37°53′06.34″N，102°56′39.98″E；1539 m 地貌特征 高约10 m的半固定沙丘，丘顶部长有蒿类、沙棘、沙蓬等植物，剖面位于沙丘底部 沉积特征 0~50 cm(U1)：松散的棕黄色风成沙，植物根系发育，在45 cm处取OSL样；
50~110 cm(U2)：棕灰色中~细砂(风成沙)，在约70 cm见楔状灰白色黄土，厚约5 cm；96~100 cm处发育薄层的灰白色黄土，质地较硬；100~110 cm为棕灰色中~细砂，与该层上部一致；
110~128 cm(U3)：棕灰色细砂，在117 cm处取OSL样；
128~142 cm(U4)：灰白色细砂；
142~168 cm(U5)：为棕褐色粉砂质粘土，在166~168 cm处发育薄层棕褐色粘土；
168~220 cm(U6)：灰白色黄土，质地较硬；
220~255 cm(U7)：灰白色细砂，质地明显较松散，在240 cm处取OSL样；
255~273 cm(U8)：棕黄色黄土，质地较硬；
273~305 cm(U9)：棕灰色中~细砂，在277 cm和300 cm处取OSL样；
305~370 cm(U10)：棕褐色粉砂质粘土(粉砂与棕褐色粘土互层)，在310 cm、340 cm处发育4 cm厚的棕褐色粘土，在350 cm、360 cm处发育2 cm厚的薄层粘土，在341 cm处取OSL样；
370~377 cm(U11)：棕褐色粘土；
377~398 cm(U12)：棕黄色粘土质细砂，发育黄色潜育化斑点；
398~413 cm(U13)：棕褐色粘土；
413~421 cm(U14)：棕褐色粉砂质粘土(粉砂与棕褐色粘土共存，粘土含量高)；
421~460 cm(U15)：棕灰色中~细砂，潜育化明显，判断为湖相砂，在422 cm处取OSL样；
460~500 cm(U16)：棕褐色粘土，未见底
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表 2
测量石英post-IR OSL释光信号的程序*
Table 2.
The protocol used to measure OSL post-IR OSL signals from quartz grains
步骤 实验过程 观测结果 1 辐照再生剂量(beta dose)Di，i=0，1，2… - 2 260 ℃预热(preheat)，持续10 s - 3 125 ℃红外(IR)激发100 s - 4 125 ℃条件蓝光激发测量OSL信号，激发时间40 s Li 5 实验剂量，Dt - 6 220 ℃条件下热释光(cutheat) - 7 125 ℃红外(IR)激发100 s - 8 125 ℃条件蓝光激发测量OSL信号，激发时间40 s Ti 9 280 ℃条件下晒退(Illumination)，持续时间40 s - 10 返回第一步 - *测量自然释光信号时i=0，D0=0
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表 3
研究区样品石英OSL测年结果
Table 3.
OSL dating results of quartz fraction in the study area
剖面 海拔(m) 样品编号 深度(cm) 岩性 U(×10-6) Th(×10-6) K(%) Rb(×10-6) 剂量率(Gy/ka) 粒径(μm) 等效剂量(Gy)* 测片数(个) 年代(ka) TGL-3 1436 TGL-3-40 40 棕黄色细砂 1.19±0.39 1.02±0.39 1.41±0.03 / 1.94±0.12 90~125 0.91±0.06# 4 0.47±0.04 TGL-3-130 130 棕黄色细砂 1.29±0.37 1.03±0.37 1.34±0.02 / 1.76±0.10 90~125 0.64±0.06# 4 0.37±0.04 TGL-3-230 230 棕黄色细砂 5.38±0.50 3.49±0.50 1.17±0.02 / 2.68±0.14 90~125 20.73±1.03 15 7.90±0.57 TGL-4 1441 TGL-4-100 100 棕黄色细砂 0.59±0.37 0.73±0.37 1.39±0.03 / 1.64±0.10 90~125 0.51±0.20# 4 0.31±0.12 TGL-8-1 1609 TGL-8-1-10 10 棕黄色细砂 1.14±0.40 1.09±0.40 1.08±0.02 / 1.64±0.11 90~125 0.42±0.04# 4 0.26±0.03 TGL-8-1-40 40 棕黄色粘土质砂 1.13±0.41 1.09±0.41 1.34±0.02 / 1.87±0.12 90~125 7.03±0.22 12 3.78±0.26 TGL-12 1584 TGL-12-30 30 棕黄色中~细砂 1.22±0.38 0.92±0.38 1.40±0.03 / 1.91±0.11 90~125 0.23±0.02# 4 0.12±0.01 TGL-13-2 1486 TGL-13-2-100 100 棕黄色细砂 0.78±0.44 1.08±0.44 1.23±0.02 / 1.56±0.11 90~125 0.58±0.08# 4 0.37±0.06 TGL-13-2-150 150 棕黄色细砂 1.59±0.42 1.40±0.42 1.10±0.02 / 1.63±0.10 90~125 12.03±0.88 13 7.44±0.72 TGL-14 1510 TGL-14-40 40 灰白色中~细砂 1.71±0.45 1.56±0.45 1.52±0.03 / 2.20±0.13 90~125 25.31±2.43 14 11.65±1.31 TGL-14-140 140 灰白色中~细砂 1.88±0.40 1.53±0.40 1.41±0.03 / 1.99±0.11 90~125 19.81±0.63 14 10.06±0.64 TGL-14-250 250 灰白色细砂 1.35±0.65 1.28±0.65 1.93±0.04 / 2.30±0.15 90~125 36.05±2.71 14 15.85±1.58 TGL-14-330 330 灰白色细砂 1.81±0.47 1.44±0.47 1.53±0.03 / 2.00±0.12 125~180 33.57±3.07 14 16.73±1.81 TGL-14-2 1496 TGL-14-2-50 50 棕黄色细砂 1.77±0.37 1.33±0.37 1.26±0.02 / 1.96±0.11 90~125 0.89±0.04# 4 0.46±0.03 TGL-53 1539 TGL-53-45 45 棕黄色中~细砂 1.66±0.30 8.50±0.60 1.77±0.04 81.09±4.00 2.91±0.13 90~125 1.10± 0.28 7 0.39±0.10 TGL-53-117 117 棕灰色细砂 2.20±0.30 9.58±0.60 1.97±0.04 86.33±4.00 3.15±0.14 90~125 28.35±2.00 10 9.24±0.77 TGL-53-240 240 灰白色细砂 2.19±0.30 8.56±0.60 1.89±0.04 80.81±4.00 3.02±0.14 63~90 43.01±3.82 18 14.88±1.48 TGL-53-277 277 棕灰色中~细砂 2.62±0.40 9.86±0.60 2.01±0.04 89.19±4.00 3.31±0.15 63~90 36.97±3.94 19 11.67±1.35 TGL-53-300 300 棕灰色中~细砂 2.69±0.40 10.66±0.70 1.93±0.04 90.30±5.00 3.31±0.15 63~90 32.36±4.37 11 10.25±1.46 TGL-53-341 341 棕褐色砂质粘土 2.41±0.30 10.56±0.70 1.96±0.04 85.12±4.00 3.25±0.15 63~90 39.53±5.32 22 12.72±1.80 TGL-53-422 422 棕灰色中~细砂 1.86±0.30 7.68±0.60 1.92±0.04 79.27±4.00 2.82±0.13 90~125 36.57±3.81 17 13.30±1.51 TGL-60 1370 TGL-60-30 30 棕黄色中~细砂 1.36±0.30 5.54±0.50 1.85±0.04 74.30±4.00 2.70±0.13 90~125 2.20±0.08 14 0.83±0.05 TGL-60-65 65 棕黄中~细砂 1.81±0.30 6.15±0.60 1.87±0.04 76.21±4.00 2.75±0.13 90~125 2.14±0.08 14 0.80±0.05 TGL-60-130 130 棕褐色砂质粘土 2.78±0.40 7.12±0.60 1.99±0.04 79.23±4.00 3.13±0.15 90~125 10.02±0.53 16 3.29±0.23 TGL-63 1430 TGL-63-68 68 棕黄色砂质荒漠土 2.09±0.30 7.46±0.60 1.91±0.04 75.97±4.00 2.94±0.13 90~125 1.12±0.21 14 0.39±0.08 TGL-63-86 86 棕灰色土壤 2.64±0.40 9.38±0.60 1.97±0.04 84.35±4.00 3.25±0.15 90~125 4.53±0.97 14 1.44±0.31 TGL-63-126* 126 棕灰色土壤 4.13±0.50 8.16±0.60 1.83±0.04 76.75±4.00 3.36±0.16 90~125 ＞111.59±5.11 18 ＞34.24±2.26 (1)从“*”样品中获得的De>2 D0，因此按照2 D0计算了其最小De值和年代
(2)“/”这些样品中未测Rb含量，在计算剂量率时按照80±5 ×10-6进行了估算
(3)“#”这些样品的De值在南京大学地理与海洋学院光释光实验室测得
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