Preliminary analysis on the paleoenvironment of the Quanshuigou site, which is located on the oasis area in front of diluvial fan at southern piedmont of Alatao Mountain, Xinjiang
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摘要:
新疆绿洲地区文化遗存丰富, 考古遗址众多, 是青铜-早期铁器时代古人活动的重要场所。随着考古工作的开展, 绿洲区古人生存环境的研究正受到愈来愈多的关注。与内陆河型绿洲相比, 在天山南北山前洪(冲)积扇缘绿洲区开展的环境考古工作较少。文章对位于西天山洪积扇前缘绿洲的泉水沟青铜时代遗址(3500 a B.P.)进行了地貌与地层调查、沉积物年代测定, 以及粒度、磁化率、色度分析, 初步探讨了遗址区的地貌和古环境演变历史。结果表明, 1)泉水沟遗址位于阿拉套山南麓洪积扇前缘的老洪积扇台地上; 2)更新世末期(距今2.0~1.0万年)台地上部沉积了厚达5 m的冲洪积物, 早全新世(距今10000~9000年)靠近台地顶部发育一层厚约1 m的黑褐色湖沼相地层, 推测其为气候变干导致洪积扇退积收缩, 此区域成为扇缘地下水溢出带所致; 3)距今3500年前后的青铜时代, 泉水沟古人曾一度在此活动, 并有意识地选择具有较肥沃的古沼泽土壤和泉水湖沼等水源出露的低海拔绿洲生活, 促进了畜牧业和农业的发展, 并在稳定经济的基础上开展了青铜冶铸等手工业活动; 4)之后, 洪积扇再次扩张, 导致遗址被随后的泛洪沉积覆盖。本研究有助于理解西北干旱区洪积扇缘绿洲先民活动的环境适应性和古丝绸之路的人地关系问题。
Abstract:Xinjiang oasis region is rich in cultural remains and archaeological sites, which is an important place for ancient human activities in Bronze-Early Iron Age. Along with the archaeological work, more and more attention has been paid to the study of the living environment of ancient people in oasis area. Compared with the inland river oases, the oases widely distributed along the front of alluvial fans in the north and south piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains have received less environmental archaeological work. This paper takes geoarchaeological studies on the single excavated Bronze Age site located at the fan edge oasis of West Tianshan area. The Quanshuigou site(44°58'16.50″N, 82°02'33.57″E; 616 m) is in Shuanghe City, Boertala Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang and has a history of more than 3500 years. Optically Stimulated Luminescence(OSL) dating and sediment analyses(grain size, magnetic susceptibility and chromaticity) were performed on two natural sedimentary profiles, with a thickness of 125 cm(P1) and 505 cm(P3) respectively, and one human cultural profile(P2), with a thickness of 125 cm near the site. Four OSL dating data and 75 sediment samples yielded the following insights: (1) Since 19500±2030 a B.P., the upper part of the old diluvial platform where Quanshuigou site is located has experienced a sedimentary process of "stronger dynamic diluvial-weak dynamic diluvial-lacustrine-late diluvial facies", which indicates the diluvial fan regressive process from the last glacial period to the early Holocene and a new round of diluvial fan progradation in the Late Holocene. (2) The Quanshuigou site is located on the old diluvial fan platform in front of Allatao Mountain. At the end of Pleistocene 20000~10000 years ago(19500±2030~10740±1470 a B.P.), alluvial-diluvial loess with a thickness of 5 m was deposited on the upper part of the platform. In the Early Holocene of 10000~9000 years ago(10740±1470~8830±790 a B.P.), a layer of dark-brown lacustrine facies about 1 m thick was developed near the top of the platform. It is speculated that due to the dry climate in the Early Holocene, the scale of the diluvial fan became smaller and the front receded, and the area of Quanshuigou site was at the edge of the diluvial fan. (3) In the Bronze Age, about 3500 years ago, the ancient people lived in Quanshuigou. They smartly chose the low-altitude oasis with rich ancient swamp soil and water sources such as springs and lakes to live, which was conducive to develop animal husbandry and agriculture. On the basis of stable economy, ancient Quanshuigou people crried out handicraft activities such as bronze smelting. (4) Later, as the diluvial fan expanded again, the site was covered by late flood deposits, and what we see today is actually an ancient site buried by the diluvial sediments. This study can help to understand the environmental adaptability of hominid in the oasis along the margin of diluvial fan in the Central Eurasian steppe and the human-land relationship along the ancient Silk Road.
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图 1
泉水沟遗址地貌位置及区域典型剖面
Figure 1.
Geomorphic position of the Quanshuigou site and regional typical sections.
图 2
泉水沟遗址所在区域南北向地形剖面
Figure 2.
South-north section of the region where the Quanshuigou site is located
图 3
泉水沟遗址考古发掘探方和采样剖面分布及采样剖面照片
Figure 3.
Distribution of archaeological exploration square units and sampling sections of the Quanshuigou site.
图 4
P3剖面色度、磁化率、粒度参数曲线
Figure 4.
Curves of color, magnetic susceptibility and grain size of P3 profile
图 5
洪积相和湖沼相沉积特征对比
Figure 5.
Comparison of sedimentary characteristics between lacustrine facies and diluvial facies.
表 1
泉水沟遗址P1~P3剖面沉积特征、沉积相和采样情况
Table 1.
Sedimentary characteristics, facies and samples of profile P1~P3 of the Quanshuigou site
剖面 层位 深度(cm) 描述 OSL样品/深度 沉积物样品 沉积相 P1 ① 0~20 棕黄色粘土质粉砂，为现代扰动土 QSGP1-1~QSGP1-4 扰土层 ② 20~50 黑褐色粘土质粉砂，较疏松，有机质含量较高，细看含水平层理，质地较均匀 QSG1/25 cm QSGP1-5~QSGP1-10 湖沼相 ③ 50~95 棕黄色粉砂质粘土，细看有水平层理，含灰色团块，质地坚硬，松散后呈棱块状 QSGP1-11~QSGP1-19 湖沼相 ④ 95~125 黄色粉砂质粘土，质地均匀，坚硬，含水平层理，有少量水锈 QSGP1-20~QSGP1-25 洪积相 P2 ① 8~38 棕黄色粘土质粉砂，含现代植物和农作物根系 耕土层 ② 38~58 棕黄色粘土质粉砂，含虫孔(往下逐渐增多)，含白色粉末状硝碱，含黑色碳屑团块，包含陶片、动物骨骼、铜片、石头等 文化层 ③ 58~108 黑褐色粘土质粉砂，含白色粉末状硝碱，含大量虫孔，包含陶片、动物骨骼、石磨盘等 QSG2/65 cm 文化层 ④ 108~133 黑褐色粘土质粉砂，发灰，较硬，有虫孔，含棕褐色团块和灰色团块 生土层 P3 ① 15~50 棕黄色粘土质粉砂，具水平层理 QSGP3-1~QSGP3-7 洪积相 ② 50~165 黑褐色粉砂质粘土，质地坚硬，破裂成棱块状(判断为湖沼干涸层顶部)；底部30~35 cm夹杂白灰色棱块粘土(湖相) QSG3-2/100 cm QSGP3-8~QSGP3-22 湖沼相(50~120 cm为湖沼相；120~165 cm为湖相) ③ 165~205 浅黄色粉砂质粘土，含大量水锈(黄红色)，含粘土较多，较硬 QSGP3-31~QSGP3-38 洪积相(弱水动力) ④ 205~265 浅黄色粉砂，含大量水锈(黄红色)，砂质增多，较松散 QSGP3-39~QSGP3-50 洪积相(较强水动力) ⑤ 265~520 棕红色-红褐色粉砂质粘土，具有水平层理 QSG3-9/520 cm 洪积相 
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表 2
泉水沟遗址光释光年代结果
Table 2.
Luminescence dating results of the Quanshuigou site
野外编号 实验室编号 所属剖面 采样深度(cm) 沉积相 剂量率(Gy/ka) 等效剂量(Gy) 光释光年龄(ka) 年龄误差(ka) QSG1 20190303 P1 25 湖沼相 3.19±0.14 28.13±2.23 8.83 0.79 QSG2 20190304 P2 65 文化层 3.14±0.13 49.60±4.31 15.81 1.53 QSG3-2 20190301 P3 100 湖沼相 3.04±0.13 32.62±4.25 10.74 1.47 QSG3-9 20190302 P3 520 洪积相 3.02±0.13 58.97±5.58 19.50 2.03
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