Analysis of subsistence strategy and settlement pattern of the Early Holocene shell midden site in the Yong River basin, Guangxi: Comprehensive evidence from archaeobotanical remains
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摘要:
河旁贝丘遗址是广西新石器时代早中期的一种重要文化遗址类型，目前对其生业状态和定居模式的研究还相对薄弱。本研究使用综合性植物考古学研究方法，对邕江流域豹子头、石船头和那北咀这3个河旁贝丘遗址进行了大遗存分析、薄壁组织（parenchyma）遗存分析、炭屑分析以及淀粉粒和植硅体等微体遗存分析。本研究的分析结果与以往的研究成果表明，邕江流域河旁贝丘群体的食谱范围非常广泛，且包含了多种回报率档次差异极大的食物资源，其生业模式应为广谱采集。磨石、陶器、炭化食物遗存的发现以及对棕榈的强化利用行为，表明贝丘群体已经具备改造环境、提高多种食物资源回报率的能力，但是对植物资源的强化利用程度仍然较为初级。贝丘群体掌握了新的食物收获和处理技术，并且可能意识到某些资源的可预测性，这为贝丘群体降低流动意愿乃至定居下来提供了基础条件。贝丘遗址可能是作为采食群体定期或季节性的定居点，以便于采集坚果、棕榈、块茎和贝类等资源，而非作为永久性的定居居址。
Abstract:The riverside shell midden site is an important cultural type of archaeological site in Guangxi in the early and middle Neolithic Age. There have been few studies of plant utilisation in southern China, especially for the period before the introduction of rice farming to Guangxi. The results of archaeobotanical and palaeoecological assessments of three freshwater shell middens-Baozitou(22°46'25.0″N, 108°19'46.4″E), Shichuantou(22°46'18.6″N, 108°23'39.3″E) and Nabeizui(22°47'53.4″N, 108°30'19.6″E)-that are located along the Yong River in Nanning City, Guangxi, provide significant data on pre-agricultural subsistence status in southern China. Multiple archaeobotanical methods were applied in this study, including the analyses of macrobotanical remains, archaeological parenchyma, microcharcoal, starch grains, and phytoliths, as well as radiocarbon dating.
The radiocarbon dating results have refined the chronology of freshwater shell middens in the Yong River Basin. Based on the calibrated dates of the shells, Baozitou dates to ca. 12000~11130 cal.a B. P., Shichuantou to ca. 11250~10500 cal.a B. P. and Nabeizui to ca. 11060~9560 cal.a B. P. These are maximum ages for the occupation at these middens, and their real ages could be overestimated by up to more than 1000 years due to the freshwater reservoir effects. Nonetheless, the three studied shell middens were all used during the Early Holocene. Each shell midden was used for a maximum of 750 years to 1500 years, although probably for much shorter occupation periods. The periods of use for the three sites show significant overlaps.
Phytolith and microcharcoal results indicate that palaeoecological trends present in different ways at each site during the period of the occupation. Baozitou and Shichuantou share more similarities in the transformation of the local environment, which is characterised as cumulative decreases in forestland and concomitant increases in grassland with persistent burning over time, whereas Nabeizui exhibits opposite trends to the other sites-namely, an increase in forest cover accompanied by slightly lower indicators of burning than at the other two sites. In addition to the inconsistencies in the palaeoecological trends, each site exhibits a similar period during which palm phytoliths are present. The similar occurrence of palms during a discrete period of occupation at each site is suggestive of human-directed resource intensification of palms in the landscape.
The number of starch grains found at the three shell midden sites is not large, but the sources of species are relatively diverse. The starch grains from the three shell midden sites can be classified into four types, including Fagaceae(e.g. Castanopsis sp. and Cyclobalanopsis sp.), Poaceae, underground storage organs(USOs) and unknown taxa. The relative abundance of species reflects the diversity of tool-processed food and the diversity of food structure of the subsistence strategy of shell midden people. In terms of the artefacts, most of the starch grains come from three artefacts, and each site has one artefact with relatively rich starch grains. The extracted starch grains from the Nabeizui grinding stone suggest it is a multifunctional tool for processing multiple types of edible plant materials.
The diversity of macrobotanical remains is relatively rich, indicating that the shell midden people exploited and utilised a variety of food resources(e.g. nuts, USOs, grass seeds and fruits). The discovery of carbonised food remains also suggests that humans learned to process and cook starchy foods. Many carbonised parenchyma fragments were found in the macrobotanical remains, which were preliminarily identified as originating from some parts of fruits and USOs. Some parenchyma fragments can be identified as bulb and Lotus root(Nelumbo nucifera) by using a combination of scanning methods, including transmitted light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and MicroCT.
The analysis results of this study combined with previous research results indicate that the diet breadth of the shell midden people in the Yong River Basin is extensively broad, including a variety of food resources(e.g. nuts, grass seeds, USOs, palm, aquatic and terrestrial animals and molluscs) with great difference in the rate of return, which suggests shell midden people adopted broad-spectrum collecting as their subsistence strategy. The discovery of grinding stones, pottery and carbonised food remains, as well as the intensive use of palm, suggest that the shell midden people had been able to remould environment and improve the return rate of various food resources, but the intensive use of plant resources is still in a relatively primitive stage. The shell midden community adopted new techniques for harvesting and processing food, and might have realised the predictability of certain resources. This provides the basic conditions for the shell midden people to reduce their mobility and enhance the willingness to settle down.
According to the palaeoecological data, coupled with available archaeological findings for shell midden sites in this region, communities in the Yong River Basin during the Early Holocene adopted a logistical strategy to obtain resources in the landscape. The riverside shell midden sites might serve as periodical or seasonal settlements rather than as permanent settlements for foraging groups to exploit multiple resources. The shell midden communities did not live at a specific site year-round, but they did reside and utilise the midden site for an extended period within each year and such a connection was maintained over an extended timeframe.
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图 1
豹子头、石船头、那北咀遗址位置示意图
Figure 1.
Location of Baozitou, Shichuantou and Nabeizui sites. The yellow area on the figure (a) indicates the distribution of riverine shell midden sites in Guangxi and the figure (b) indicates the location of three studied shell middens in the Yong River Basin
图 2
贝丘遗址的植硅体和其他微体化石类型[15]
Figure 2.
Phytolith and other microfossil morphotypes identified at shell midden sites
图 3
贝丘遗址的植硅体组合百分比图谱[15]
Figure 3.
Phytolith(presented in percentage)and microcharcoal results for shell midden sites.
图 4
部分用于淀粉粒提取的贝丘遗址出土器物(比例尺：5 cm)
Figure 4.
Artefacts excavated from riverine shell middens for starch extraction(scale: 5 cm). (a)Perforated shell tool (TS05W02③: 15) from Baozitou site; (b)Stone axe(N04E04④: 3)from Shichuantou site; (c)Grinding stone(T1204:⑤)from Nabeizui site
图 5
探方壁地层剖面和浮选沉积物样品采集区域(比例尺：100 cm)
Figure 5.
Stratigraphic profiles and bulk sampling locations at three sites(vertical scale bar: 100 cm). (a)East wall of square trench TS04W02 at Baozitou; (b)North wall of square trench TN03E04 at Shichuantou; (c)North wall of square trench T1205 at Nabeizui
图 6
淀粉粒形态图(比例尺：20 μm)
Figure 6.
The morphology of extracted ancient starch granules(scale: 20 μm)
图 7
贝丘遗址出土的部分炭化遗存和草籽(比例尺：2 mm)
Figure 7.
Part of the unearthed carbonized remains and grass seeds of shell middens(scale: 2 mm)
表 1
河旁贝丘遗址测年结果[15]
Table 1.
AMS radiocarbon dating results for Baozitou, Shichuantou and Nabeizui sites
实验室编号 样品单位 测年样品 测年(14C a B.P.) 校正后的年代(cal.a B.P.) 1σ(68.2%) 2σ(95.4%) 豹子头(Baozitou) SANU-58919 TS04W02东壁① 果壳 8340±32 9430~9307 9459~9284 SANU-58924 TS04W02东壁① 螺壳 9741±34 11216~11171 11235~11125 SANU-58923 TS04W02东壁③ 螺壳 9887±35 11308~11239 11389~11221 SANU-58921 TS04W02东壁④ 螺壳 10131±34 11937~11648 11996~11615 石船头(Shichuantou) SANU-58739 TN03E04北壁② 螺壳 9350±27 10640~10516 10660~10500 SANU-58738 TN03E04北壁④ 螺壳 9766±29 11223~11190 11237~11174 SANU-58737 TN03E04北壁⑦ 螺壳 9819±27 11241~11215 11253~11200 那北咀(Nabeizui) SANU-60220 T1309北壁① 螺壳 8966±32 10215~9964 10226~9931 SANU-60219 T1309北壁③ 螺壳 8733±31 9744~9604 9886~9558 SANU-60837 T1309北壁④ 螺壳 9462±38 10751~10606 11061~10580 SANU-63809 T1205北壁⑤ 果壳 8819±31 10110~9764 10132~9700 
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表 2
器物表面残留物中各类淀粉粒统计表
Table 2.
Classification of starch grains extracted from varied types of artefacts at three shell midden sites
出土遗址 器物编号 器物类型 分样 坚果类(粒) 禾本科类(粒) 块茎类(粒) 不可鉴定类(粒) 数量(粒) 豹子头 TS04W02①：1 石斧 使用面
非使用面1 1 2 豹子头 TS03W03①：24 穿孔蚌器 使用面
非使用面1 2
13
1豹子头 TS03W03②：63 石斧 使用面
非使用面1 1 豹子头 TS03W03②：40 穿孔蚌器 使用面
非使用面1 1 豹子头 TS02W03②：5 石斧 使用面
非使用面2 2 豹子头 TS06W03③：2 研磨器 使用面
非使用面1 1 豹子头 TS05W02③：15 穿孔蚌器 使用面
非使用面3 1
12
16
212
4石船头 N03E04③：1 石锛 使用面
非使用面2 2 石船头 N03E04③：3 蚌器 使用面
非使用面1 1 石船头 N04E04⑤：1 石斧 使用面
非使用面1 1 2 石船头 N04E04④：3 石斧 使用面
非使用面1 3
14 8
1石船头 N04E06⑥：14 穿孔蚌器 使用面
非使用面1 1 那北咀 T1304：③ 研磨器 使用面
非使用面1 1 那北咀 T1204：⑤ 磨石 使用面
非使用面14 25 1 15 55 总计 22 35 5 36 98
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表 3
炭化遗存和种子的种类与数量统计表橄榄
A：Canarium cf. album/pimela；橄榄B：Canarium sp.(except album/pimela)Table 3.
Types and quantity of the extracted carbonized remains and uncharred seeds from layers of shell middens
沉积物样品来源 样品体积(L) 炭化物密度(g/L) 炭化食物 薄壁组织 果壳 木炭 草籽 未知炭化遗存 橄榄A 橄榄B 橡子 未知种属 炭化 未炭化 豹子头(Baozitou) TS04W02东壁① 10 0.14 9 11 2 3 37 15 5 1 58 TS04W02东壁② 10 0.17 1 34 2 2 46 31 3 2 81 TS04W02东壁③ 10 0.32 8 41 5 3 5 65 57 23 5 133 TS04W02东壁④ 10 0.30 11 59 7 23 28 1 112 石船头(Shichuantou) TN03E04北壁① 7 0.23 4 7 6 28 TN03E04北壁② 10 0.06 12 6 1 2 5 29 14 45 TN03E04北壁④ 10 0.10 28 20 2 3 19 36 9 67 TN03E04北壁⑦上 9 0.07 19 23 25 9 18 11 TN03E04北壁⑦下 9 0.04 6 7 1 20 那北咀(Nabeizui) T1205北壁① 10 0.89 10 51 7 2 115 39 1 355 T1205北壁③ 10 0.17 10 28 2 11 19 30 9 2 1 61 T1205北壁④ 10 0.05 8 9 4 3 23 T1205北壁⑤ 10 0.05 9 6 2 5 3 1 18 总计 125 135 295 21 27 82 406 229 37 11 1012
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