The spatial and temporal distribution of archaeological settlement sites in Shandong Province from the Paleolithic to Shang and Zhou periods and its relationship with hydrology and geomorphology
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摘要:
以山东省为研究区，全面收集区域旧石器-商周时期古遗址数据建立数据库，结合SRTM DEM、SLOPE和SPECT等数据，利用ArcGIS 10.3软件对旧石器至商周时期3338处古遗址与高程、坡度、坡向、濒河度及海岸线变化的关系进行分析，探索古遗址时空分布与水文地貌的关系。结果表明：1）随着文化发展，古遗址在数量上整体上表现为先减后增又减的趋势，空间分布由鲁中南丘陵区→鲁西北平原区→鲁中环西北丘陵区→鲁中山地丘陵区逐渐扩展。2）古遗址主要分布在海拔20~100 m的区域，达到2019个，占比约60.49%；较大面积的古遗址主要分布在海拔100~200 m的区域，达到0.87 km2 /个；较小面积的古遗址主要分布在海拔50~100 m区域，为0.47 km2 /个。3）古遗址主要分布在坡度0°~3°的区域，达到2824个，占比约84.6%，充分说明坡度较小的区域适宜古人居住；坡向分布在光照较好和光照较差区域的古遗址数量基本相当，但光照较好的古遗址总面积大于光照较差区域约30%，从侧面证明古人选址倾向于光照充足的区域。4）各时期古遗址的濒河性呈先增后减又增的趋势，主要分布在距离水系水平距离3000 m范围内，达到836个，占比约25.04%；古遗址主要分布在5级水系附近，占比约18.0%，与水系级别呈负相关，这与古人取水便捷和水患频发有关。5）在莱州湾南岸和胶州湾环岸地区，古遗址的分布主要受控于黄河三角洲的频繁变动和海平面变化。
Abstract:In this paper, we first establish a database of 3338 settlement sites from Paleolithic to Shangzhou periods of which 104 settlement sites belong to the Paleolithic period, while the other settlement sites belong to Neolithic period. Based on the method of GIS spatial analysis, the relationship between the settlement sites of altitude, slope, aspect, distance from the river and coastline were systematically analyzed, and relationship between the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the settlement sites and hydrology and geomorphology are revealed in the study area(34°22'52″~38°15'02″N, 114°19'53″~122°43'00″E). The results show that: (1) With the development of culture, the number of settlement sites experience the process of first decreasing, then increasing and decreasing, and the spatial distribution is gradually expanded from piedmont hilly basin of southern Tai Mountain to alluvial plain of northern Tai Mountain to piedmont hilly basin of northwest Tai Mountain to all over Shandong Province. (2) In the study area, more than 60% settlement sites are located in the low altitude hilly basin of 20~100 m, a large area of settlement sites are located in the hilly basin of 100~200 m, which is 0.84 km2 on average; the smaller area of settlement sites were located in the low altitude hilly basin of 50~100 m, which is 0.47 km2 on average. (3) In the study area, more than 80% settlement sites were located in the slope of 0°~3° plain and platform, it fully shows that the area is conducive to the life of the ancients; the number of settlement sites were located in the areas with sufficient and insufficient illumination is basically the same, but the total area of the settlement sites with sufficient illumination is about 30% larger than that of the areas with insufficient illumination, which proves that the ancients preferred to live in the areas with sufficient illumination. (4) The distance between settlement sites and river in each period is increasing first, then decreasing and increasing, more than 25% of the settlement sites are within 3000 meters of distance from the river and the settlement sites were mainly located in the vicinity of small rivers, accounting for about 18.0%, which is negatively related to the size of river, which is related to the need for water to survive, frequent floods and other factors. (5) In the South Bank of Laizhou Bay and the surrounding area of Jiaozhou Bay, the distribution of settlement sites is mainly related to the frequent changes of the Yellow River Delta and the sea level changes.
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图 2
研究区古遗址数量变化
Figure 2.
The quantity change of archaeological sites in the study area
图 3
山东省不同时期古遗址高程分布
Figure 3.
Elevation distribution of archaeological sites in different periods in Shandong Province
图 4
山东省古遗址空间分布与高程的关系
Figure 4.
The relationship between spatial distribution and elevation of archaeological settlement sites in Shandong Province
图 5
山东省不同时期古遗址坡度、坡向分布
Figure 5.
Slope and aspect distribution of archaeological sites in different periods in Shandong Province
图 6
山东省古遗址分布数量与坡度的关系
Figure 6.
The relationship between the distribution of archaeological settlement sites and slope in Shandong Province
图 7
山东省古遗址与水系缓冲区的关系(右下角为蓝色圆圈放大部分)
Figure 7.
The relationship between archaeological settlement site and distance from rivers in Shandong Province (A local amplification of the buffer in the blue circle in the lower right corner)
图 8
古遗址分布与水系级别的关系
Figure 8.
The relationship between the distribution of archaeological settlement site and the level of water systems
图 9
地貌和水文因子对古遗址分布的影响指数
Figure 9.
Influence index of geomorphic and hydrological factors on the distribution of archaeological sites
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