Geomorphological background and formation process of the Goukou site in Jirentai, Xinjiang
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摘要:
2018年全国十大考古新发现"的新疆尼勒克吉仁台沟口遗址，不仅发现了规格较高、保存完整的青铜时代为主体的聚落遗址，更发现了世界上迄今为止最早使用煤炭的遗迹。遗址区的地貌背景和堆积物年代框架有利于我们进一步理清遗址的考古学意义，为此文章对遗址区进行了野外地貌考察，对该区阶地堆积物和黄土进行了粒度分析和光释光测年，得出了如下结论：流经遗址区的喀什河在遗址区发育了4级基座阶地（T1、T2、T3和T4），阶地上堆积物的光释光年代指示它们的形成时间分别是≥ 2.4 ka、≥ 14 ka、约60 ka和≥ 75 ka。除构造活动因素外，这些阶地的形成和阶地堆积物的堆积主要与气候有关，阶地的拔河高度和形成年代指示喀什河的平均下切速率逐渐加快。遗址所在的第三级阶地在基座上堆积厚层砾石，在其形成后堆积了黄土，黄土的来源主要是附近喀什河和伊犁河两岸阶地上的河流堆积物以及下游冲洪积物，遗址区在32.1~30.0 ka期间黄土堆积速率为0.12 mm/a，全新世晚期堆积速率为0.14~0.21 mm/a。古人最早可能在4.5 ka时就在该区活动，在3.6 ka至3.0 ka的某一时段，古人在第三级阶地黄土地面上生活和进行生产活动，并使当时地表 30~20 ka（厚约1.2 m）的黄土地层发生了扰动，随后遗址被废弃。遗址区1.9 ka以来的地层可能未受扰动，古人活动遗迹被后期的黄土堆积埋藏并被保存；遗址区坡积物不发育，未受洪水或山洪影响，遗址区地貌环境相对稳定，古人生活时的原始地貌保留至今。
Abstract:The Goukou site (43°51'18″N, 82°47'0.15″E) of Jirentai is located at the Chaleger village, Nileke County in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Geomorphologically, the site is situated on the north bank(terrace) of the Kashi river(a tributary of the Yili River) in a valley. The site is well known as one of the "Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries in China in 2018". It is characterized by a relatively high-standard, well-preserved Bronze Age settlement, and the earliest record for that people used coal in the world. The geological setting and evolution of the site area, and chronology of the sediments in the area is very important to understand its archaeological significance. In this study, detailed field investigations, particle-size analysis, end-member modelling of the particle-size data and luminescence dating of sedimentary samples from the site and fluvial terraces have been performed. The following conclusions can be drawn. (1) Four strath terraces(from lowest to highest, they are named T1, T2, T3 and T4) of the Kashi river running through the site area are identified. The terrace deposits are composed of channel deposits composed of thin channel gravels and sand, floodplain fine sand and silt and loess. it is noted that the floodplain sediments, characterized by horizontal bedding, are different from the loess in grain-size distribution. The luminescence ages of the terrace deposits imply that the formation ages of the terraces are ≥ 2.4 ka、≥ 14 ka for T2、ca.60 ka and ≥ 75 ka for the T1, T2, T3 and T4 terraces, respectively. The terrace formation and the accumulation of the terrace sediments are associated with local climate change, besides the factor of tectonic activities. The river incision rates based on the elevations above modern channel level and the ages of the terraces indicate that the river incision rate increases with time. (2) The T3 terrace on which the site located has a thick gravel layer mantled on bedrock. After the T3 terrace was formed, loess was accumulated. The ancient people lived on the loess ground. Base on the end-member modelling, the loess can be divided into three components(end-members, EM1, EM2 and EM3). EM1 with mean grain size of 1.2 μm is considered to be deposited from long distance transportation. EM2 with mean grain size of 7.0 μm was deduced to be associated with atmospheric dust produced by surface winds. EM3 with mean grain size of 30.4 μm is the main component, and represent the dusts produced by storm events. EM3 sources are primarily the local fluvial and alluvial sediments of the Kashi and Yili rivers. The accumulation rate of loess was calculated to be 0.12 mm/a for the period of 32.1 ka to 30.0 ka, and 0.14~0.21 mm/a during the late Holocene. (3) Ancient people might begin to live in this area as early as 4500 years ago. During an interval between 3600 and 3000 years, people lived here and built house on the loess surface of the T3 terrace, and production activities were carried out, the current site was formed. The surface loess at that time with a thickness of about 1.2 m(corresponding to the period of 30 ka to 20 ka) was disturbed by human activities. Afterwards, the site was abandoned, and archaeological remains were buried. The stratigraphic integrity of the loess deposits with the age of about 1.9 ka and less slopewash deposits indicates that the site has not been affected by foods, the local geological setting has been stable and remains unchanged. In addition, the coarse-grained(> 63 μm) quartz from the studied samples is not suitable for luminescence dating due to dim luminescence signals and very low sensitivity and dim. The fine-grained(4~11 μm) quartz exhibited bright and high sensitivity, and its OSL signals are dominated by fast component, indicating that this size quartz is suitable for luminescence dating using the single-aliquot regeneration dose protocol.
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图 1
吉仁台沟口遗址位置图
Figure 1.
Location map of the Goukou site of Jirentai. (a)DEM map showing the location of the site relative to the Yili basin and the rivers in the region; (b)Google Earth image; (c)Photograph showing the geomorphological features of the site area on a river terrace of the Kashi River
图 3
(a) 遗址区代表河流阶地的露头剖面(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ)及遗址探坑的位置，(b)照片和剖面Ⅰ显示的第一级(T1)和第二级(T2)级阶地剖面，(c)照片和剖面Ⅱ显示的第三级(T3)阶地剖面示意图，(d)照片和剖面Ⅲ显示的T2和第四级(T4)阶地剖面，(e)照片和剖面Ⅳ显示的T2阶地剖面示意图
Figure 3.
(a)Photograph showing the locations of the exposure of fluvial terrace profiles(Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ); (b)Profile Ⅰ represents the T1 and T2 terraces; (c)Profile Ⅱ shows the T3 terrace; (d)Profile Ⅲ shows the T2 and T4 terraces; (e)Profile Ⅳ shows the T2 terrace
图 4
遗址区河流阶地综合横剖面示意图和阶地形成年龄
Figure 4.
Schematic diagram of the fluvial terraces in the site area and their formation ages
图 5
研究样品的位置分布(a)和研究样品的粒度分布曲线(b~g)
Figure 5.
Location distribution(a) and grain-size distribution curves(b~g) of the studied samples
图 6
遗址黄土沉积物粒度非参数化(a)和参数化(b)端元分解结果
Figure 6.
End-member modeling analysis of the loess samples from the site area: (a)Non-parametric and (b) parametric
图 7
阶地样品GK2018-1 (a)和遗址剖面样品18NJ-T3852-OSL3 (b)细粒石英的光释光衰减曲线(N是自然信号，其他是不同再生剂量产生的信号)以及它们的生长曲线(内图)
Figure 7.
Decay curves and growth curves(inset)for quartz OSL signals from a floodplain sample(GK2018-1)from the T1 terrace (a) and a loess sample(18NJ-T3852-OSL3)from the site section (b), respectively(N refers to natural signals, and the others to the signals induced by laboratory-irradiated doses)
图 8
两个样品细粒石英的预热结果(a：GK2018-1；b：18NJ-T3852-OSL3)和剂量恢复实验结果(c)
Figure 8.
Results of preheat(a: GK2018-1; b: 18NJ-T3852-OSL3)and dose recovery (c) tests on fine-grained quartz from two samples
图 9
两个样品细粒石英光释光样品De分布图
Figure 9.
De distribution of fine-grained quartz from two samples from the studied area
图 10
吉仁台遗址区河流阶地貌的发育和演化过程
Figure 10.
Geomorphological evolution of the fluvial terraces in the Goukou site area of Jirentai, Xinjiang
表 1
参数化拟合3个端元相应参数
Table 1.
Parametric fitting of the corresponding parameters of the 3 end members
端元 粒度参数 粒度组分(%) 均值(μm) 分选 偏度 峰度 粘土 粉砂 砂 EM1 1.16 1.52 0.11 2.71 99.89 0.11 0 EM2 6.96 3.4 0.22 2.75 35.65 60.62 3.73 EM3 30.36 2.07 -0.46 3.19 0.88 85.84 13.28 
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表 2
新疆吉仁台沟口遗址光释光样品环境剂量率、等效剂量和年龄
Table 2.
Dose rate, equivalent dose and age of all samples from the Goukou site of Jirentai, Xinjiang
样品位置和编号 实验室编号 深度(m) 沉积物 U(ppm) Th(ppm) K(%) 剂量率(Gy/ka) 测片数 等效剂量(Gy) 光释光年龄(ka) T1阶地 GK2018-1 L3876 0.65 漫滩砂 2.91±0.11 11.60±0.32 2.27±0.07 4.51±0.11 8 10.70±0.40 2.4±0.1 T2阶地 GK2018-2 L3877 0.50 黄土 2.85±0.11 11.70±0.33 2.30±0.07 4.31±0.16 8 11.81±0.48 2.7±0.2 T3阶地 GK2018-3 L3878 5.00 河流砂 2.62±0.10 9.84±0.30 2.25±0.07 4.12±0.10 6 249.3±52.2 60.4±12.7 T4阶地 GK2018-4 L3879 1.08 冲沟粉砂 4.28±0.15 10.70±0.31 2.05±0.06 4.39±0.17 10 330.1±31.3 75.2±7.7 沟口大坝阶地 GK2018-6 L3881 3.27 漫滩砂 2.66±0.10 11.50±0.33 2.41±0.07 4.49±0.11 8 63.02±4.35 14.0±1.0 GK2018-7 L3882 11.56 黄土 3.17±0.12 10.60±0.31 2.02±0.06 3.86±0.15 8 121.1±11.6 31.3±3.2 后山山脚下剖面 GK2018-5 L3880 1.67 黄土 4.22±0.15 10.70±0.31 1.90±0.06 4.22±0.16 8 84.16±4.83 20.0±1.4 遗址探坑18NJ-T3852 18NJ-T3852-OSL1 L3883 0.40 黄土 2.48±0.10 10.90±0.32 2.16±0.06 4.01±0.15 8 7.53±0.35 1.9±0.1 18NJ-T3852-OSL2 L3884 1.10 遗址黄土 2.67±0.10 9.87±0.30 1.96±0.06 3.74±0.14 8 42.19±1.98 11.3±0.7 18NJ-T3852-OSL3 L3885 1.84 遗址黄土 3.08±0.12 11.00±0.32 2.26±0.07 4.23±0.16 8 20.63±0.87 4.9±0.3 18NJ-T3852-OSL4 L3886 1.99 黄土 2.49±0.10 9.30±0.28 2.11±0.06 3.75±0.15 8 112.6±7.8 30.0±2.4 18NJ-T3852-OSL5 L3887 2.24 黄土 2.48±0.10 9.80±0.29 2.22±0.07 3.89±0.15 8 124.8±10.1 32.1±2.9 遗址探坑18NJ-T3353 18NJ-T3353-OSL1 L3888 0.55 遗址黄土 2.83±0.11 10.50±0.32 2.15±0.06 4.05±0.15 7 15.88±0.73 3.9±0.2 18NJ-T3353-OSL2 L3889 2.55 黄土 2.91±0.11 10.50±0.32 1.98±0.06 3.85±0.15 7 133.1±7.9 34.6±2.4
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