Prehistoric human activity and changes in living environment at Shalongka site, northeast Tibetan Plateau
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摘要:
位于黄河上游群尖盆地的沙隆卡遗址是青藏高原东北部目前唯一同时出土旧石器、新石器和青铜文化遗存的遗址，但由于缺乏系统考古发掘和测年工作，该遗址史前人类活动历史及其与生存环境的关系尚不清晰。本文在沙隆卡遗址发掘基础上，系统采集炭屑样品开展碳十四年代测定，建立了沙隆卡遗址年代序列，结合出土的遗存和群尖盆地已发表的研究资料，揭示了史前人群的活动历史。结果显示，史前人群在约8500~7300 cal.a B.P.、约5300~4600 cal.a B.P.、约4100~3900 cal.a B.P.以及约3200~2900 cal.a B.P.在沙隆卡遗址活动。沙隆卡遗址的海拔和地貌特征适合渔猎、粟黍和麦类作物种植，而其所处的群尖盆地海拔高差大的特点也为多种生业模式提供了适宜的自然条件。青藏高原东北部及毗邻地区史前文化的发展是促成不同生业人群在沙隆卡遗址活动的主要因素，而群尖盆地漫滩洪水的频率以及区域气候环境变化，对沙隆卡遗址的人群活动产生影响。本文从沙隆卡遗址史前人类活动与局地-区域尺度环境和文化关系研究入手，为理解青藏高原东北部史前人群活动与生存环境之间的关系提供了新的视角。
Abstract:The history and mechanism of prehistoric human activity on the Tibetan Plateau were closely related to their subsistence and living environment. In the northeast Tibetan Plateau(NETP) a large number of archaeological sites dated to the Paleolithic, Neolithic and Bronze age have been discovered. They provide a great wealth of information on the history of local hunting-gathering, millet-based agriculture and agro-pastoral lifestyle. However, due to the lack of stylistic variation in the material culture of these sites, it is rather difficult to illustrate a clear trajectory along which different social and cultural evolution took place in each prehistoric period.
The site of Shalongka(36.01°N, 102°E; 2021 m a. s. l.), located at 250 m away from the west of the Adaqiha Villiage in the Qunjian basin of the upper Yellow River, yields critical archaeological records dated to not only the Paleolithic, but also Neolithic and Bronze age. It offers excellent first-hand materials investigate the full history of the human activities associated with different subsistence strategies. Seventeen charcoal samples were collected from various layers, among which the lowest one is about 4 m below the surface. Radiocarbon dating with accelerator mass spectrometry(AMS) was employed to establish the chronology for each of these culture layers. We have further combined this new chronology with other key archaeological remains, published archaeobotanical data and paleoclimate and paleoenvironment records to reconstruct the relationship between human activity and the local environment.
The results showed evident human activities at the Shalongka site during the periods of ca. 8500~7300 cal.a B.P.(years before present), ca. 5300~4600 cal.a B.P., ca. 4100~3900 cal.a B.P. and ca. 3200~2900 cal.a B.P., respectively. Moreover, all of these periods saw significant changes in the local subsistence strategy. To be specific, a tremendous number of fine stone tools and stone leaves were unearthed from the cultural layers dated to 8500~7300 cal.a B.P., and local people appear strongly dependent on hunting wild animals. Interestingly, a few pottery shards of the Yangshao and Majiayao culture were excavated from the upper cultural layers, indicating these two exogenous cultures spread to this basin during 5300~4600 cal.a B.P., and the Subsequent period witnessed the cultivation of foxtail and broomcorn millet. During 3200~2900 cal.a B.P., the Kayue culture became increasingly dominant in the Qunjian basin. Meanwhile foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, wheat and barley became the main crops at the Shalongka site and the surrounding areas. Among these crops barley was the most important one in the higher altitude area of the basin. The local lifestyle at Shalongka was therefore shifted from hunter-gathering to agro-pastoralism.
Prehistoric human activity at the Shalongka site was influenced by the local and regional environment changes. During the Paleolithic period, suitable climate conditions facilitated the growth of local vegetation and wildlife resources, providing the hunter-gatherers with sustainable food supply. Around 5200 cal.a B.P., millet-based agriculture was introduced to the Qunjian basin by the Majiayao groups of people from the western Loess Plateau. The local climate was also suitable for cultivation of both foxtail millet and broomcorn millet, which probably further promoted the development of the Majiayao culture and Qijia culture in this region. Around 3600 cal.a B.P., barley and sheep were introduced into the NETP by cross-Eurasian culture exchange. Barley-and sheep-based agro-pastoral activity brought great prosperity of the Kayue culture to the high altitude regions.
This study shows that the relationship between the human activities and the living environment is changed radically during the prehistoric period. Greatly thanks to the cultural communication between the East and the West, the local people became much more capable of adapting and influencing the environment.
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图 1
青藏高原东北部史前时代不同生业模式人群的生存空间范围
Figure 1.
Living space of prehistoric people with different subsistence in the northeast Tibetan Plateau
图 2
群尖盆地史前遗址分布、植物考古(a)及沙隆卡遗址发掘现场(b)
Figure 2.
Distribution (a) of prehistoric sites in Qunjian Basin, plant archaeology and excavation picture (b) of Shalongka site
图 3
沙隆卡遗址发掘剖面、出土器物及测年结果
Figure 3.
Excavation profiles, unearthed objects and dating results of Shalongka site. (a)Excavation section of the Shalongka site(14C dating unit: cal.a B.P.); (b)Layer properties of the section; (c)Ceramic fragments unearthed from 5a layer; (d)Ceramic fragments unearthed from 13 layer; (e)Microlith unearthed from 18, 19 and 29 layers
图 4
青藏高原东北部及毗邻区域气候环境变化记录与14C年代概率曲线
Figure 4.
climate and environment records and probability curve of the 14C age. (a)Oxygen isotope records of stalagmites in Jiuxian Cave[64]; (b)Reconstructed temperature record of Qinghai Lake[65]; (c)Tree pollen percentage of Qinghai Lake[53]; (d)Probability curve of the 14C age in Paleolithic period in northeast Tibetan Plateau[31, 34, 43~47, 68~70]; (e)Probability curve of the 14C age of foxtail millet and broomcorn millet in northeast Tibetan Plateau and contiguous regions[19, 38~39, 59, 71~74]; (f)Probability curve of the 14C age of wheat and barley in northeast Tibetan Plateau and contiguous regions[19, 38, 59, 72~80]; (g)Probability curve of the 14C age in Shalongka site
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