Study on the spatial relationship between cities and general settlements from Neolithic to Xia Shang periods in Henan Province
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摘要:
以河南省新石器至夏商时期65座城邑与4095座一般聚落为研究对象，采用核密度分析法、最近邻指数法、重心分析等GIS空间分析方法，按照裴李岗、仰韶、龙山、夏商这4个时期对城邑与聚落的密度、空间分布集聚程度以及重心位移演变关系进行了研究。分析表明：1）河南省新石器至夏商时期城邑的分布与聚落的密度关系密切，有83.08%的城邑位于聚落密度较大的地区，尤其是规模比较大的城邑几乎都分布在聚落密度较高的地方，只有少数城邑分布在聚落密度较小的地区；2）河南省仰韶时期至夏商时期城邑与聚落的集聚程度变化规律是一致的。集聚程度由高到低均为仰韶时期-夏商时期-龙山时期；3）河南省新石器至夏商时期聚落重心相对城邑重心分布在南面，聚落和城邑的重心均是在嵩山及其周边地区按逆时针方向移动，说明了河南省的文化核心区就在环嵩山地区，该地区在新石器至夏商时期文化发展中居于核心地位。河南省新石器至夏商时期城邑与一般聚落空间关系研究表明，城邑与一般聚落之间有着紧密的联系，两者空间分布格局的变化是气候及生产力发展水平双重影响下的结果。
Abstract:The ancient cities sites were closely related to the general settlements sites. The relationship between the ancient cities sites and general settlements sites is of great significance to the emergence of country and origin of civilization. Henan Province(31°23'~36°22'N, 110°21'~116°39'E) is located in the east of Central China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. It has a long history and rich cultures. There are a large number of ancient cities and settlements in Henan Province. In this study, we selected 65 cities and 4095 general settlements from Neolithic to Xia Shang periods in Henan Province as research objects, using the methods of GIS spatial analysis such as nuclear density analysis, nearest neighbor index and center of gravity analysis according to the four periods of Peiligang, Yangshao, Longshan and Xia Shang. The relationship between cities and settlements density, the spatial distribution and concentration degree of cities and settlements, and the evolution of the center of gravity displacement between cities and settlements were studied. The results showed that:(1)The distribution of cities was closely related to the density of general settlements from Neolithic to Xia Shang periods in Henan Province. 83.08% of the cities were located in the areas with high settlements density, especially the large-scale cities were almost located in the areas with high settlements density, and only a few cities were located in the areas with low settlements density. (2)From Yangshao period to Xia Shang period, the law of agglomeration degree of cities and settlements in Henan Province was consistent. The degree of agglomeration from Yangshao period to Xia Shang period to Longshan period was reduced. (3)From Neolithic to Xia Shang periods, the center of gravity of the settlements was located in the south relative to the center of gravity of the cities. The center of gravity of the settlements and cities moved in the anticlockwise direction in Songshan and its surrounding areas, which showed that the cultural core area of Henan Province was in the area around Songshan, and the area around Songshan played a core role in the cultural development from Neolithic to Xia Shang periods. The study on the spatial relationship between cities and general settlements from Neolithic to Xia Shang periods in Henan Province showed that there was a close relationship between cities and general settlements, and the change of their spatial distribution pattern was the result of the dual influence of climate and productivity development level.
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图 1
河南省新石器时期至夏商时期城邑与一般聚落分布图
Figure 1.
Distribution map of cities and general settlements from Neolithic to Xia Shang periods in Henan Province
图 2
河南省新石器至夏商时期城邑与一般聚落密度关系分布图
Figure 2.
Distribution map of the relationship between cities and settlement density from Neolithic to Xia Shang periods in Henan Province
图 3
河南省新石器至夏商时期城邑与聚落重心位移图
Figure 3.
Displacement of the center of gravity of cities and settlements from Neolithic to Xia Shang periods in Henan Province
表 1
河南省新石器至夏商时期落入聚落密度较大地区的城邑数量与比例
Table 1.
The number and proportion of cities in areas with high settlement density from Neolithic to Xia Shang periods in Henan Province
时期 城邑总数(个) 落到聚落密度较大地区城邑的个数(个) 落到聚落密度较大地区城邑的占比(%) 裴李岗时期 1 1 100 仰韶时期 18 14 77.78 龙山时期 24 18 75.00 夏商时期 22 21 95.45 合计 65 54 83.08 
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表 2
河南省新石器至夏商时期城邑与聚落平均最近邻距离分析结果对比统计
Table 2.
Statistical of the analysis results of the average nearest neighbor distance of cities and settlements from Neolithic to Xia Shang periods in Henan Province
时期 类型 样本数(座) 平均最近距离(m) 期望平均最近距离(m) NNI统计量 Z检验值 裴李岗 城邑 1 / / / / 聚落 187 8661 15174 0.571 -11.23 仰韶 城邑 18 24640 34608 0.712 -2.338 聚落 968 3915 7786 0.503 -29.47 龙山 城邑 24 43477 35229 1.234 2.19 聚落 1710 3498 6309 0.554 -35.1 夏商 城邑 22 22711 25664 0.885 -1.03 聚落 1220 3789 6975 0.543 -30.51
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表 3
河南省新石器至夏商时期城邑与聚落重心位移统计
Table 3.
Statistics of the center of gravity of cities and settlements from Neolithic to Xia Shang periods in Henan Province
时期 聚落重心位移(km) 城邑重心位移(km) 聚落移动方向 城邑移动方向 裴李岗-仰韶 78 93 东南-西北 东南-西北 仰韶-龙山 94 67 西北-东南 西北-东南 龙山-夏商 26 49 西南-东北 西南-东北，接近正北向
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