Climatic abrupt events implied by lacustrine sediments of Arxan Crater Lake, in the central Great Khingan Mountains, NE China during Holocene
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摘要:
阿尔山天池是大兴安岭中部一个封闭的火山口湖，地处东亚夏季风尾闾区，是研究区域气候快速变化的良好载体。通过对阿尔山天池岩芯（深度243~100 cm，年代10.0~1.3 cal.ka B.P.）开展连续、高分辨率的XRF元素扫描和粒度分析，选取岩芯中12种含量较高且环境指示意义明确的地球化学元素开展相关分析及因子分析发现：全新世时段阿尔山天池湖泊沉积物中Sr、Rb、Zr、Fe、Ca、K、Ti、Si、S、Mn、Cl等元素变化一致且均与Cr元素变化趋势相反，其中Sr、Rb、Zr、Fe、Ca、K、Ti、Si等8个迁移积累型元素之间相关性较高，且为湖泊元素变化的主控因子，说明阿尔山天池湖泊沉积物中元素来源主要受外源碎屑物质的影响，湖泊沉积物元素变化主要决定于区域气候的干湿状况。基于精确的年代框架，通过阿尔山天池沉积物Ca/Ti，Cr/Ti，Fe/Mn，Rb/Sr和Fe/Ti元素比值、粒度数据，与同一地区的月亮湖TOC和乔木花粉百分比记录对比分析表明：大兴安岭中部地区全新世以来气候-环境和湖泊水位经历了温暖偏干-低湖水位期（10.0~7.3 cal.ka B.P.）、温凉湿润-高湖水位期（7.3~6.1 cal.ka B.P.）、温暖湿润-低湖水位期（6.1~4.3 cal.ka B.P.）、温凉湿润-高湖水位期（4.3~3.0 cal.ka B.P.）、温暖湿润-较高湖水位期（3.0~1.4 cal.ka B.P.）等5个阶段的演变；元素记录15次显著快速干旱气候事件，其中发生在7.8cal.ka B.P.、7.3cal.ka B.P.、6.9cal.ka B.P.、6.5cal.ka B.P.、6.3cal.ka B.P.、6.1cal.ka B.P.、5.5 cal.ka B.P.、4.2 cal.ka B.P.、3.8 cal.ka B.P.、3.6 cal.ka B.P.、3.0 cal.ka B.P.、2.6 cal.ka B.P.及1.8 cal.ka B.P.的13次干旱事件与已有大兴安岭地区其他钻孔记录均有较好的对应。此外，阿尔山天池湖泊记录中Fe/Ti元素比值与粉砂和粘土含量变化趋势基本一致，表明在东北封闭湖泊中Fe/Ti可作为湖泊细颗粒组分的良好代用指标。本研究表明湖泊沉积物高分辨率的XRF元素扫描分析在气候快速变化研究方面具有很大的潜力。
Abstract:Arxan Crater Lake (ACL17C; 47.32°N, 120.41°E, 1280 m a.s.l.) is a closed crater lake situated in the middle of Great Khingan Mountains, NE China. The lake sediment honestly recorded climatic-environmental change in the study region due to its location on the margin of East Asian Summer Monsoon domain. Here, high-resolution and continuous XRF core scanning and grain-size analysis were carried out on the lake sediments of ACL17C (243~100 cm in depth, 10.0~1.3 cal.ka. B. P. in ages) to reveal the climatic abrupt events throughout the Holocene. Twelve geochemical elements, with consistent content and clear palaeoenvironmental signals, were selected to investigate the element characteristics by using correlation analysis and factor analysis. The results show that:(1) The element Sr, Rb, Zr, Fe, Ca, K, Ti, Si, S, Mn and Cl from ACL were displaying a similar variation pattern but element Cr showed a reverse trend; (2) Eight transport and deposition elements Sr, Rb, Zr, Fe, Ca, K, Ti and Si were well correlated, and contributed to 60% of total element variations which indicate the detrital inputs resulting from catchment run-off were the main source of element contents of ACL. Based on the 10 AMS14C dates, a precise chronological framework was established for ACL. Comparison of elemental ratios (Ca/Ti, Cr/Ti, Fe/Mn, Rb/Sr and Fe/Ti) and mean grain-size from ACL with records of TOC and tree pollen% from Moon Lake, reveals the Holocene climatic-environmental history in the central Great Khingan Mountains went through five stages, i.e. warm and relative dry climate with lower water-level of the lake (10.0~7.3 cal.ka B. P.), cooler and humid climate with high water-level (7.3~6.1 cal.ka B. P.), warm and humid climate with lower water-level (6.1~4.3 cal.ka B. P.), cooler and humid climate period with high water-level (4.3~3.0 cal.ka B. P.), warm and humid climate with relative high water-level (3.0~1.4 cal.ka B. P.). Furthermore 15 significant drought events were inferred by elements ratios, among which 13 drought events at ca. 7.8 cal.ka B. P., 7.3 cal.ka B. P., 6.9 cal.ka B. P., 6.5 cal.ka B. P., 6.3 cal.ka B. P., 6.1 cal.ka B. P., 5.5 cal.ka B. P., 4.2 cal.ka B. P., 3.8 cal.ka B. P., 3.6 cal.ka B. P., 3.0 cal.ka B. P., 2.6 cal.ka B. P. and 1.8 cal.ka B. P. are comparable with former studies carried out in Great Khingan Mountains using different climatic proxy. In addition, the good consistency of trends of Fe/Ti and the content of fine sand and clay at ACL suggest Fe/Ti may be used as a good proxy to estimate the content of fine gain-size at closed lakes in NE China. This study shows the potentials of application of high-resolution XRF core scanning on the study of rapid climatic and environmental changes.
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Key words:
- element geochemistry /
- lacustrine sediment /
- climate jumps /
- Holocene /
- Great Khingan Mountains
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图 1
阿尔山天池和研究区内选取的已有古气候记录的地理位置示意图(a)及阿尔山天池火山口遥感解译图像[25] (b)
Figure 1.
Map of sites location of Arxan Crater Lake(ACL)and former studied sites in Northeast China (a) and the image of ACL interpreted by remote sensing[25](b). In subfigure (a) star represents this study site, points are 1. Moon Lake[13], 2. Sifangshan Crater Lake[26], 3. Huola section[17], and 4. Tianchi Lake[16]
图 2
阿尔山天池ACL17C岩芯深度-年代模型
Figure 2.
Age-depth model of the sediment core ACL17C from Arxan Crater Tianchi Lake
图 3
阿尔山天池ACL17C岩性示意图及XRF元素扫描强度曲线图
Figure 3.
Litho-stratigraphy and the intensities of selected elements of ACL17C from Arxan Crater Tianchi Lake
图 4
阿尔山天池ACL17C岩芯元素因子分析成分载荷图
Figure 4.
Factor loading plot of the first two principle components of elements counts of ACL17C from Arxan Crater Tianchi Lake
图 5
(a) 阿尔山天池全新世湖泊沉积物的粒度、元素比值及CONISS分带结果(元素比值为散点图，折线为元素比值5点滑动平均，虚线为均值)与(b)研究区内月亮湖TOC含量及木本花粉百分含量对比图(月亮湖数据源自文献[55])
Figure 5.
(a)Variations of grain sizes of lake sediment in Arxan Crater Tianchi Lake and changes of element ratios during Holocene with CONISS zonation(elements ratios by scatter chart, 5 point-average by line chart, average by broken line)comparing with (b) the content of total organic carbon(TOC)and tree pollen % recorded by Moon Lake(data derived from reference [55])
图 6
阿尔山天池湖全新世气候代用指标变化特征及与研究区其他气候/植被记录的对比
Figure 6.
Comparison of the climate proxies in Arxan Crater Lake with other climate/vegetation records from Great Khingan Mountain(GKM)for the Holocene. (a)Summer insolation at 50°N[56]; (b)Broadleaf tree pollen % from Huola section[17] in the northern GKM; (c)Broadleaf tree pollen % from Tianchi Lake[16] next to the middle eastern of GKM; (d)Proxies of tree/grass and (e) lake levels from Sifangshan Lake[26] in the middle north GKM; (f)Tree pollen % from Moon Lake[55]; (g)Lake level and (h) regional precipitation indicators from Arxan Crater Lake(this study)in the middle of GKM
表 1
阿尔山天池沉积序列AMS 14C测年结果
Table 1.
Radiocarbon dates and calibrated ages of ACL17C from Arxan Crater Tianchi Lake
编号 深度(cm) 14C年龄(a B. P.) 日历年龄(cal.a B. P.) 测年材料 Beta 522390 60~63 1780±30 (95.4%)1813~1616 桦叶片、落叶松针、炭屑 Beta 515610 129~130 2660±30 (85.6%)2808~2743 全岩样品 Beta 523028 137~139 2600±30 (95.4%)2776~2711 植物残体 Beta 523029 155~158 3490±30 (93.4%)3842~3690 莎草叶片 Beta 515583 169~170 5110±30 (54.6%)5830~5749(40.8%)5924~5855 莎草叶片 Beta 523030 186~188 7280±30 (95.4%)8169~8020 莎草叶片 Beta 323031 208~211 7400±30 (95.4%)8321~8173 莎草叶片 Beta 522389 212~215 7470±40 (95.4%)8373~8196 桦叶片及鳞片状苞片 Beta 515609 224~225 8710±30 (95.4%)9762~9551 全岩样品 Beta 494425 278~279 9230±30 (95.4%)10500~10276 全岩样品 
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表 2
阿尔山天池ACL17C沉积物元素间Pearson相关性系数矩阵*
Table 2.
Pearson's correlation matrix of the analysis on elements of ACL17C from Arxan Crater Tianchi Lake
Sr Rb Zr Fe Ca K Ti Si Cr S Mn Cl Sr Rb 0.99 Zr 0.97 0.99 Fe 0.97 0.98 0.98 Ca 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.97 K 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.96 Ti 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.96 Si 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.89 0.94 0.97 0.92 Cr -0.55 -0.53 -0.52 -0.52 -0.49 -0.42 -0.47 -0.42 S 0.77 0.77 0.75 0.79 0.82 0.74 0.75 0.74 -0.46 Mn 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.37 0.45 0.40 -0.26 0.51 Cl 0.45 0.41 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.13 0.26 0.18 -0.50 0.52 0.47 * |相关系数| < 0.85标为斜体
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表 3
阿尔山天池ACL17C沉积物元素因子分析方差极大因子载荷
Table 3.
Varimax rotation factors loading of factor analysis on elements of ACL17C from Arxan Crater Tianchi Lake
扫描元素 因子1/Factor 1 因子2/Factor 2 K 0.99 0.14 Si 0.96 0.10 Ti 0.93 0.33 Ca 0.92 0.34 Fe 0.88 0.45 Rb 0.84 0.52 Zr 0.84 0.53 Sr 0.82 0.57 S 0.70 0.36 Mn 0.33 0.43 Cl 0.75 Cr -0.36 -0.45 方差贡献率 60.0% 20.1% 方差累计贡献率 60.0% 80.1%
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