Spatial-temporal evolution of agriculture and factors influencing it during the mid-Holocene in Zhengzhou area, China
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摘要:
郑州地区地处中原腹地，是我国旱作农业起源和稻作农业早期传播的重要区域之一，在华夏文明形成与发展过程中具有非常重要的地位。然而，由于区域性系统植物考古研究较少，目前全新世中期郑州地区古代农业的时空演变过程及其影响因素仍不清晰。文章在郑州地区选择位于不同地貌部位、不同等级规模的13处裴李岗-仰韶文化遗址进行系统采样，通过植硅体分析和AMS 14C测年，揭示出郑州地区在裴李岗文化和仰韶文化中晚期均属于以黍为主的稻-旱混作的农业模式，其形成得益于全新世适宜期暖湿气候下的稻作北传。裴李岗时期，黍粟旱作分布在浅山丘陵区的黄土台塬沟谷地带，稻-旱混作仅存在于冲积平原，农业模式的选择主要受地形和水文因素影响；仰韶中晚期，粟和稻的比例显著提高，稻作不再局限于冲积平原和大型聚落，在台塬沟谷和中小聚落也有分布，标志着农耕技术的进步和作物结构的优化，这意味着农业生产开始打破自然条件限制，为郑州地区农业社会的建立和文明化进程奠定了基础。
Abstract:The origin and development of agriculture is an important transformation in human subsistence and is also economic base for the rise of civilizations. The Zhengzhou area is acknowledged as a home to the millet agriculture in North China and one of the major regions for the northward spread of rice agriculture from South China, where the Huaxia civilization rise. However, the spatial-temporal evolution of its agriculture during the mid-Holocene is still unclear, mainly due to the limited regional archaeobotanical research.
In this paper, a total of 13 Peiligang-Yangshao culture sites such as Zhuangling(34°49'19"N, 113°8'46"E), Yingyang(34°24'29"N, 112°45'4"E), Yuancun(34°23'21"N, 113°1'57"E), Caiyuangou(34°26'34"N, 113°19'18"E), Maanhe(34°31'44"N, 113°20'6"E), Magou(34°32'31"N, 113°30'7"E), Shashizui(34°32'42"N, 113°31'34"E), Beilizhuang(34°26'32"N, 113°38'5"E), Dahecun(34°50'38"N, 113°41'38"E), Zhuzhai(34°49'31"N, 113°30'19"E), Wuluoxipo(34°38'20"N, 113°0'14"E), Lijiagou(34°33'54"N, 113°31'26"E), and Wangzui(34°26'54"N, 113°34'33"E) in Zhengzhou area, which located on different landforms and had different sizes, were selected to do systematic sampling. A total of 225 and 30 samples were collected from ash pits and cultural layers for phytolith analysis and AMS radiocarbon dating, respectively. We then extracted phytoliths from these samples by wet oxidation method, and phytolith counting and identification were performed using Leica DM750 optical microscope at 400 magnification. In most samples, more than 400 phytoliths were counted. The radiocarbon dating was conducted at Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory.
Except for three abnormal dates from LJG1 in Lijiagou site and H218 and H214 in Zhuzhai site, the dates are in line with the cultural ages. The available dates cover the time interval 6417~2628 cal.B.C.(95.4% range), which falls within the age of the Peiligang culture and Yangshao culture. 24 phytolith types were identified from all 225 samples, including η type from husks of common millet(Panicum miliaceum), Ω type from husks of foxtail millet(Setaria italica), and double-peaked, bulliform, and parallel-bilobe types from rice(Oryza sativa). Quantitative analysis of these crop phytoliths indicated that mixed millet and rice agriculture formed in the Zhengzhou area about 8000 years ago, which was benefitted from the warm-wet conditions during the Holocene Climatic Optimum. Common millet was the principal crop in the Peiligang and middle-late Yangshao periods. During the Peiligang period, the spatial pattern of farming was millet farming in the hilly lands, while mixed farming was conducted in the alluvial plains. In the same climate background, the agricultural mode selection in different sites was mainly influenced by landform and hydrology. During the middle-late Yangshao period, the proportion of foxtail millet and rice was significantly higher than that in Peiligang culture, and rice cultivation was no longer confined to large sites situated in the lowlands and began to spread into the hilly lands and small sites, suggesting the deepening of crop diversity and the optimization of agriculture planting structure. This pattern of crop production may have been mainly influenced by social background and artificial selection, which overcame the limitation of environmental factors, facilitating the establishment of an agricultural society and the civilizing process in Zhengzhou area.
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Key words:
- Zhengzhou area /
- Holocene /
- phytolith /
- dry farming /
- rice farming /
- Peiligang culture /
- Yangshao culture
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图 1
研究区地理位置(a)和采样遗址点分布图(b)
Figure 1.
Location of the study area (a) and distribution of the sampled sites (b)
图 2
本文部分研究遗址的采样遗迹
Figure 2.
Photos of sampled contexts from some investigated sites in the paper
图 3
郑州地区考古遗址常见植硅体形态
Figure 3.
Shapes of common phytoliths from archaeological sites in Zhengzhou area
图 4
裴李岗文化遗址黍、粟、稻植硅体相对百分含量
Figure 4.
Relative percentage of phytolith from common millet, foxtail millet, and rice at different Peiligang culture sites.The H92 data of the Tanghu site are adapted from reference[53]
图 5
仰韶文化中晚期遗址黍、粟、稻植硅体相对百分含量
Figure 5.
Relative percentage of phytolith from common millet, foxtail millet, and rice at different middle-late Yangshao culture sites
图 6
郑州地区全新世中期农作物植硅体的相对百分含量变化
Figure 6.
Relative percentage of crop phytoliths during mid-Holocene in Zhengzhou area
表 1
采样遗址地理信息及植硅体样品采集统计表
Table 1.
Summary of geographic information and samples collected for phytolith analysis from the thirteen sites in Zhengzhou area
遗址名称 地点 纬度(°N) 经度(°E) 主要时代 面积(ha) 规模等级 海拔(m) 地貌 遗迹数 植硅体样品数 坞罗西坡 巩义 34.639 113.004 裴李岗 3 二级 275 台塬沟谷 1 9 李家沟 新密 34.565 113.524 裴李岗 2 二级 218 台塬沟谷 2 11 王嘴 新密 34.445 113.576 裴李岗 8.46 一级 132 台塬沟谷 1 9 庄岭 巩义 34.822 113.146 裴李岗/仰韶 3 二级 178 台塬沟谷 4 27 朱寨 郑州 34.825 113.507 裴李岗/仰韶 10 一级 105 冲积平原 25 33 袁村 登封 34.389 113.033 仰韶 10 一级 313 台塬沟谷 3 23 颍阳 登封 34.408 112.751 仰韶 15 一级 426 台塬沟谷 3 19 马鞍河 新密 34.529 113.335 仰韶 13.47 一级 245 台塬沟谷 4 45 马沟 新密 34.542 113.502 仰韶 5.2 二级 226 台塬沟谷 3 12 沙石嘴 新密 34.545 113.526 仰韶 2.75 三级 242 台塬沟谷 3 3 北李庄 新郑 34.442 113.635 仰韶 1.64 三级 122 台塬沟谷 1 5 大河村 郑州 34.844 113.694 仰韶 40 一级 96 冲积平原 7 19 菜园沟 新密 34.443 113.322 仰韶 1.43 三级 280 台塬沟谷 1 10 合计 58 225 
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表 2
本文研究遗址的AMS 14C测年数据
Table 2.
AMS 14C radiocarbon dating results from the analyzed sites
实验室编号 测年材料 遗址 出土单位 14C年代(a B.P.) 树轮校正后年代(cal. B. C.) 1σ(68.2%) 2σ(95.4%) Beta-404826 土壤有机质 李家沟 LJG1-50~60 cm 12770±40 13328(68.2%)13196 13416(95.4%)13121 Beta-404847 植硅体 庄岭 ZL-2-73 cm 7470±30 6399(38.0%)6350 6417(95.4%)6251 6310(30.2%)6264 Beta-346756 木炭 朱寨 H185 7100±40 6020(45.6%)5977 6050(95.4%)5899 5948(22.6%)5921 Beta-346759 木炭 朱寨 H226 7080±40 6009(33.1%)5973 6032(95.4%)5882 5953(35.1%)5915 Beta-346758 木炭 朱寨 H158 7000±40 5977(17.5%)5948 5986(95.4%)5786 5920(50.7%)5842 Beta-404825 木炭 李家沟 LJG2 6980±30 5967(4.8%)5956 5979(11.0%)5947 5905(56.4%)5834 5923(84.4%)5772 5826(7.0%)5811 Beta-346761 木炭 朱寨 H235 6940±40 5873(6.5%)5861 5966(1.2%)5957 5847(61.7%)5757 5905(94.2%)5730 Beta-404828 木炭 坞罗西坡 H1-70~90 cm 6440±30 5471(7.3%)5462 5479(94.6%)5356 5450(60.9%)5377 5349(0.8%)5345 Beta-404827 木炭 坞罗西坡 H1-60~70 cm 6360±30 5367(68.2%)5311 5467(13.3%)5403 5387(81.0%)5298 5244(1.0%)5234 Beta-404848 植硅体 坞罗西坡 H1-60~70 cm 6350±30 5364(68.2%)5307 5465(4.2%)5440 5425(2.4%)5406 5383(81.8%)5291 5270(7.0%)5226 Beta-404846 植硅体 颍阳 YY-2-120 cm 5760±40 4680(26.1%)4636 4710(94.8%)4516 4619(42.1%)4551 4509(0.6%)4505 Beta-404844 植硅体 袁村 H1-90~95 cm 5310±30 4229(14.5%)4197 4236(95.4%)4046 4173(11.7%)4151 4135(42.0%)4057 Beta-404836 木炭 袁村 H2-100~140 cm 5040±30 3938(52.0%)3860 3951(94.5%)3764 3813(16.2%)3787 3723(0.9%)3716 Beta-404835 木炭 袁村 H1-90~95 cm 4970±30 3777(68.2%)3707 3893(1.6%)3884 3799(93.8%)3661 Beta-404838 木炭 颍阳 YY-4-①② 4720±30 3627(24.0%)3591 3633(34.7%)3558 3528(13.6%)3506 3538(20.6%)3496 3427(30.6%)3381 3460(40.1%)3376 Beta-404832 木炭 马鞍河 H2-70 cm 4620±30 3496(46.5%)3460 3512(66.8%)3425 3376(21.7%)3359 3384(28.6%)3348 Beta-404831 木炭 马鞍河 H1-83 cm 4570±30 3370(43.6%)3335 3494(6.5%)3467 3211(14.3%)3191 3375(46.9%)3319 3153(10.3%)3136 3273(0.4%)3268 3236(41.5%)3111 Beta-404833 木炭 马鞍河 H2-90~120 cm 4550±30 3363(27.3%)3331 3369(32.6%)3308 3215(21.3%)3185 3300(2.2%)3283 3157(19.7%)3126 3276(1.9%)3264 3240(58.6%)3104 Beta-404839 木炭 菜园沟 H1-55 cm 4500±30 3336(11.6%)3308 3347(95.4%)3097 3301(7.3%)3283 3277(5.3%)3265 3240(13.2%)3210 3192(17.3%)3152 3138(13.5%)3106 Beta-404830 木炭 庄岭 ZL-1-30~50 cm 4490±30 3332(30.2%)3264 3348(95.4%)3090 3245(13.7%)3214 3187(13.0%)3156 3128(11.3%)3101 Beta-346760 木炭 朱寨 H225 4490±30 3332(30.2%)3264 3348(95.4%)3090 3245(13.7%)3214 3187(13.0%)3156 3128(11.3%)3101 Beta-346762 木炭 朱寨 H202 4490±30 3332(30.2%)3264 3348(95.4%)3090 3245(13.7%)3214 3187(13.0%)3156 3128(11.3%)3101 Beta-404837 木炭 颍阳 YY-2-120 cm 4470±30 3328(48.2%)3218 3339(52.4%)3206 3178(7.3%)3159 3196(33.3%)3081 3122(12.7%)3092 3069(9.7%)3026 Beta-404841 木炭 马沟 H3上层 4370±30 3012(68.2%)2924 3089(9.7%)3055 3031(85.7%)2907 Beta-404842 木炭 大河村 H371 4370±30 3012(68.2%)2924 3089(9.7%)3055 3031(85.7%)2907 Beta-404840 木炭 沙石嘴 H3 4360±30 3011(68.2%)2918 3085(5.6%)3064 3029(89.8%)2904 Beta-404843 木炭 大河村 H395 4310±30 2999(2.5%)2994 3013(95.4%)2886 2929(65.7%)2889 Beta-404834 木炭 北李庄 H1-⑤ 4150±30 2867(14.3%)2836 2876(18.8%)2829 2816(5.4%)2804 2824(76.6%)2628 2777(48.5%)2671 Beta-346757 木炭 朱寨 H218 2990±30 1266(54.9%)1192 1374(2.6%)1356 1176(6.0%)1163 1301(92.8%)1118 1144(7.3%)1131 Beta-346763 木炭 朱寨 H214 2950±30 1215(68.2%)1118 1260(3.2%)1241 1236(92.2%)1051
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表 3
郑州地区考古样品中农作物植硅体数量统计
Table 3.
Quantitative statistics of crop phytoliths from archaeological samples in Zhengzhou area
考古样品 裴李岗文化 仰韶文化中晚期 坞罗西坡 李家沟 庄岭 朱寨 马沟 北李庄 庄岭 沙石嘴 朱寨 袁村 颍阳 马鞍河 菜园沟 大河村 黍稃壳η型 7 2 376 448 187 14 39 78 592 344 519 754 375 421 粟稃壳Ω型 4 0 63 4 46 28 13 9 261 12 109 635 42 328 水稻双峰型 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 115 1 202 190 59 55 并排哑铃型 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 水稻扇型 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 15 1 5 2 3 3
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