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摘要:
中国西北地区众多封闭湖泊湖岸堤的光释光（OSL）测年结果表明，"大湖"存在于深海氧同位素第5阶段（MIS 5）或者更早，而不是MIS 3阶段。由于高湖面测年结果的变化，我们对中国西北以及青藏高原地区湖泊对晚第四纪冰期-间冰期旋回气候变化响应的认识也随之改变。本研究对青海湖周边的湖岸堤、湖相沉积物、冲积和风成沉积物进行光释光测年，重建了青海湖末次间冰期以来的高湖面演化历史，得到以下结论：1）最高湖面（拔湖26~66 m）出现在MIS 5时期；2）MIS 3c时期湖面高出现在约13~17 m，但是在MIS 3a阶段湖面下降至接近于中全新世湖面高度；3）全新世最高湖面出现在距今约5.1 ka，湖面至少高出现在9.1 m，之后在约2 ka前再一次出现高湖面，高出现在湖面约8 m。青海湖高湖面的拔湖高度从MIS 5a到MIS 3时期，再到全新世是依次降低的，使得早期的湖岸堤没有被后期高湖面破坏而较好的保存了下来。
Abstract:Recent Optically Stimulated Luminescence(OSL) dating of numerous closed-basin lake shorelines in northwestern China has shown that the "Greatest Lakes" period in the region occurred during MIS 5 or earlier, rather than during MIS 3. However, this shift in the chronology of lake highstands means that we now know little about the relative responses of lakes in northwestern China and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM) shifts during various late Quaternary interglacial/interstadial periods. Qinghai Lake is the largest brackish lake in China, located within a closed-basin, on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Its size and proximity to three climate systems (EASM, Indian Summer Monsoon, and Westerlies) makes it sensitive to global climate changes. We have conducted geomorphic and stratigraphic survey around the Qinghai Lake for more than ten years, and dated more than one hundred sedimentary samples by OSL dating. In total, about 50 shoreline or lacustrine sediment ages were reported during the past several years. As the quartz OSL ages may approach their upper dating limits(saturation level) at about 60~80 ka, we conducted K-feldspar dating(post-IR IRSL) for another four shoreline and near-shore sediments(their quartz OSL ages lie in MIS 5a stage) due to the post-IR IRSL dating can get reliable burial ages as old as 200 ka, and the K-feldspar dating results in accordance with previously reported quartz OSL ages. Then we reconstruct a detailed history of Qinghai Lake highstands using OSL dating of shoreline, lacustrine, alluvial, and aeolian deposits spanning MIS 5~Present. Our results indicate:(1) The highest lake levels(26~66 m above modern) occurred during MIS 5; (2) MIS 3 lake levels initially reached ca. 3213 m, but fell during the latter half of MIS 3 to near or below mid-Holocene levels(≥ 3203 m); (3) The Holocene highest highstand occurred between ca. 5~6 ka when the lake level was ≥ 9.1 m above present, with a second highstand reaching 3202.3 m occurring during the Late Holocene at ca. 2 ka. This shoreline history suggests higher lake levels are primarily associated with an enhanced EASM, and that the overall lake levels have decreased over the last three interglacial/interstadial cycles.
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Key words:
- Qinghai-TibetanPlateau /
- Qinghai Lake /
- high lake level /
- OSL dating /
- East Asian summer monsoon
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图 2
青海湖卫星影像(a)以及从遥感影像识别出的湖岸堤(b~f)
Figure 2.
Remnant high-level shoreline features surround the Qinghai Lake identified from satellite images, and the Qinghai Lake (a) and the locations of satellite images of(b~f)
图 3
青海湖洱海东侧倒淌河入湖口处沙坝的卫星影像图
Figure 3.
Satellite image of barrier bars at the mouth of the Daotang River on the eastern margin of Qinghai Lake: (1)Holocene-modern shoreline features; (2)EH2 and EH3 sampling locality; (3)Area of Holocene-modern storm surge reworking of MIS 3 shoreline features; (4)MIS 3 barrier bars
图 4
倒淌河入湖口处障壁沙坝/潟湖复合沉积
Figure 4.
Barrier bar/back bay lagoon complexes in the mouth of the Daotang "River". Green:Holocene complex at 3194~3205 m; Blue:MIS 3 complex at 3210~3213 m; Red:MIS 5 complex at 3230~3260 m. The MIS 5 and MIS 3 shoreline elevations are estimated from the elevations of relatively few exposures not buried under Late Quaternary alluvium
图 6
青海湖MIS 3时期的湖岸堤和近岸沉积物
Figure 6.
Qinghai Lake localities with shoreline or nearshore sediments dating to MIS 3: (a)and (b) Shoreline sandy gravels underlying surface loess at locality ELJ5; (c)Bedded sands and gravels underlying Holocene-modern shoreline coarse sands at locality ELJ7; (d)Shoreline gravels and sandy gravels underlying surface loess at locality EH2; (e)Ripple-laminated sands underlying surface loess and bajada alluvium at locality QHHH3
图 7
HK采样剖面出露的湖滨前积砂层
Figure 7.
Foreset bedded sands in the ca. 3255 m spit exposed at locality Hongkou. The person is ca. 1.7 m in height
图 8
青海湖东岸HK17 (a)和QGHE2 (b)采样剖面照片
Figure 8.
The photos of sampling sections of HK17 (a)and QGHE2 (b)at the eastern margin of the Qinghai Lake
图 9
晚第四纪13万年(130 ka)以来青海湖湖面水位变化曲线，数据来源于本文和文献[2, 4, 31~36]
Figure 9.
Qinghai Lake water level fluctuation curve for the last ca.130 ka based on data reported here and in papers[2, 4, 31~36]. Dots represent mean quartz OSL ages/elevations for shoreline samples reported here. Open rhombus represent K-feldspar post-IR IRSL ages/elevations. Solid lines indicate increased confidence in lake surface reconstructions; dotted lines represent tentative reconstructions. Black dotted line represent modern lake level at 3194 m a.s.l.
表 1
放射性剂量测量及石英光释光测年结果
Table 1.
Quartz optically stimulated luminescence(OSL)ages and associated dosimetry data
样品编号 海拔
(m)测试粒径
(μm)K
(%)Th
(μg/g)U
(μg/g)含水量
(%)剂量率
(Gy/ka)等效剂量
(Gy)年代结果
(ka)QHHH1 3198 38~63 1.820±0.093 8.763±0.219 2.057±0.154 15±5 2.75±0.21 92.4±3.8 33.6±2.9 QHHH3-A 3198 38~63 2.286±0.064 13.310±0.306 3.026±0.170 15±5 3.66±0.26 141.40±14.0 38.6±4.7 QHHH3-B 3197 38~63 2.029±0.061 13.010±0.299 3.120±.0178 15±5 3.45±0.25 146.9±11.1 42.5±4.4 EH2-B 3208.9 38~63 1.718±0.056 6.535±0.176 1.630±0.122 10±5 2.68±0.19 113.0±3.5 42.1±3.2 EH3-A 3209.3 38~63 2.098±0.069 6.102±0.317 0.869±0.149 10±5 2.80±0.21 113.7±1.7 40.6±3.0 ELJ5-B 3206.2 38~63 2.040±0.100 6.268±0.182 1.450±0.141 10±5 2.95±0.22 112.1±2.2 38.0±2.9 ELJ6 3199.6 38~63 1.693±0.103 7.316±0.190 1.707±0.121 15±5 2.61±0.19 97.8±3.2 37.5±3.0 ELJ7 3196.8 38~63 2.086±0.077 6.073±0.261 1.265±0.195 15±5 2.76±0.20 110.4±3.1 40.0±3.1 ELJ1-C 3203.9 38~63 1.500±0.056 10.794±0.281 2.540±0.119 10±5 2.82±0.21 192.6±14.5 68.4±7.2 ELJ1-D 3203 38~63 1.440±0.051 10.564±0.111 2.318±0.110 20±5 2.52±0.17 177.6±10.0 70.3±6.2 ELJ1-E 3202.2 38~63 1.766±0.046 10.720±0.358 1.683±0.222 20±5 2.62±0.19 197.3±5.6 75.3±5.8 ELJ1-F 3201.8 38~63 1.664±0.057 9.902±0.416 2.885±0.263 20±5 2.75±0.20 195.4±8.3 71.0±6.0 ELJ1-G 3200.9 38~63 1.540±0.057 11.254±0.226 1.883±0.105 20±5 2.49±0.18 184.1±4.6 73.8±5.5 ELJ1-H 3200.2 38~63 1.603±0.042 11.700±0.400 2.844±0.282 20±5 2.78±0.20 209.9±7.5 75.6±6.1 ELJ1-I 3196.9 38~63 1.420±0.054 10.361±0.345 2.946±0.129 20±5 2.34±0.18 210.6±7.0 90.2±7.5 ELJ1-J 3196.8 38~63 1.427±0.040 10.560±0.412 2.508±0.256 20±5 2.45±0.18 226.4±5.63 92.6±7.2 
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表 2
长石post-IR IRSL290测年样品放射性剂量测量及测年结果
Table 2.
The feldspar post-IR IRSL290 dosimetry and dating results
样品编号 测试粒径
(μm)温度
(℃)等效剂量
(Gy)残余剂量
(Gy)U
(μg/g)Th
(μg/g)K
(%)含水率
(%)宇宙射线剂量率
(Gy/ka)总剂量率
(Gy/ka)年代结果
(ka)QH14-1 90~125 290 308.21±9.71 22.24±0.53 1.46±0.07 8.73±0.26 2.86±0.07 20±5 0.14 3.83±0.17 74.71±4.38 QH14-2 90~125 290 327.08±8.65 24.44±0.59 1.30±0.07 6.08±0.19 2.42±0.07 20±5 0.14 3.27±0.14 92.63±5.05 HK17 150~180 290 180.0±9.70 10.0±0.50 1.10±0.20 5.13±0.32 1.30±0.04 20±5 0.14 2.46±0.10 76.1±4.2 QGHE2-17 150~180 290 262.6±8.70 20.0±0.50 1.04±0.10 4.56±0.13 1.63±0.05 20±5 0.14 2.56±0.10 94.4±4.5
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