THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SETTLEMENT SITES AND THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES SINCE THE NEOLITHIC TO CHUNQIU PERIODS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN HEBEI PROVINCE
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摘要:
本文以冀中南地区为研究区，建立了冀中南地区新石器时代至春秋时期1023处聚落遗址分布特征的数据库，应用GIS空间分析方法，对聚落遗址的遗址域、海拔高程、密度、堆积特征进行了系统分析，揭示了研究区聚落遗址时空分布特征。结果表明：1）冀中南地区新石器时代到夏商时期，聚落遗址数量、遗址域面积、平均密度均迅速增加，到西周-春秋时期，又迅速降低；连续叠置型遗址以西周-春秋时期所占比例最高。2）自新石器时代至夏商时期，研究区南部聚落遗址主要分布在较高海拔的太行山山前丘陵盆地（100~500m）（>46%），西周-春秋时期低海拔冲积平原（ < 50m）地区成为遗址数量最多的地区，占总数的48%以上，这种变化响应于全新世大暖期以来研究区气候由温暖湿润逐步向寒冷干燥的发展；但研究区北部一直以0~50m低平原区为聚落遗址的主要分布区，主要受区域地貌及古白洋淀分布范围影响较大。3）以温暖湿润气候为主的新石器时代和夏商时期，聚落遗址分布重心出现在研究区南部地区，新石器时代出现在邯郸武安盆地（84~103个/10000km2），夏商时期略向北移至邢台南部至邯郸北部地区（171~220个/10000km2）；冷干气候背景下的西周-春秋时期，北方民族南下与研究区南部商人的南迁，以及北部燕国的建立，使得研究区北部海拔 < 50m的拒马河中下游低平原成为聚落遗址分布重心（99~121个/10000km2）。4）自新石器时代至春秋时期，研究区聚落遗址都集中分布在西部地区，沿太行山山麓呈南北条带状分布特征，东南部平原区受古湖泊及古河流下游改道与泛滥等因素影响始终鲜有聚落遗址分布。
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关键词:
- 聚落遗址 /
- 时空分布 /
- 环境演变 /
- 新石器时代至春秋时期 /
- 冀中南地区
Abstract:There is a close relationship between the history of human culture development and the characteristics of natural environment and its evolution. The study on the change of the distribution characteristics of the settlement sites in different regions will be helpful to deepen the understanding and cognition of the human-environment relationship. In this paper, the central and southern Hebei Province was selected as the study area, which is one of the original areas of Chinese millet agriculture, and an important area of ancient Chinese culture and ancient civilization. Hebei Plain and the Taihang Mountains are two most important geomorphic units in the study area. In this paper, we first establish a database of 1023 settlement sites from Neolithic to Chunqiu periods of which 202 settlement sites belong to the Neolithic settlement sites, 535 settlement sites belong to Xia-Shang period settlement sites, and 286 settlement sites belong to XiZhou-Chunqiu period. Based on the method of GIS spatial analysis, the site domain, altitude, density and accumulation characteristics of the settlement were systematically analyzed, and the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the settlement sites in the study area are revealed. The results show that:(1) From Neolithic to Xia-Shang Period, the settlement sites numbers, the domain area and average densities of the settlement sites increase rapidly; and then decrease rapidly in the Xizhou-Chunqiu period, whereas the ratio of the continually-stacked settlement sites amounted to the highest in the Xizhou-Chunqiu period. (2) In the south of the study area, most settlement sites(more than 46%)were located in the piedmont hilly basin(100~500m)of the Taihang Mountain from Neolithic to Xia-Shang period, but the low altitude alluvial plain(less than 50m)become the major area accounted to 48% of the total at least in the Xizhou-Chunqiu period, that is in response to the climate change from warm and humid to cold and dry since Holocene Megathermal. But in the northern of the study area, it is mainly influenced by geomorphic features and distribution range of ancient Baiyangdian from the Neolithic to the Chunqiu period. The settlement sites were always mainly distributed in the Low alluvial plain where the altitude is less than 50m. (3) From Neolithic to Xia-Shang period, the climate is warm and humid, and the distribution center of settlement sites is located in the south of the study area, with the center appeared in Wu'an Basin in Handan(84~103/10000km2)settlement site densities in the Neolithic, and then slightly northward moved about 50km to the south of Xingtai and the northern part of Handan (171~220/10000km2) in the Xia-Shang period. Further more, cold and dry climate made it difficult for people's survival and development in the original area during the Xizhou-Chunqiu. Shang people began to migrate southward to search more suitable farming land in the south of the study area, and some nomadic people also began to move to the south and integrated with the farming nationality in the northern of the study area, adding to the establishment of the Yan state, which made the distribution center of settlement sites in the Xizhou-Chunqiu period move to the middle and lower reaches of the Juma River Basin( < 50m a.s.l.)located in the north of the study area with settlement site densities about 99~121/10000km2. (4) From Neolithic to Chunqiu periods, most settlement sites appeared in the western part of the study area, along the foothills of Taihang Mountain, and very few settlement sites appeared in the south-eastern plain area due to the influence on the downstream diversion of ancient lakes and river diversion, flood and other factors.
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图 1
冀中南地区主要地貌类型图
Figure 1.
Main landform types in the central and southern Hebei Province, modified from Wang et al.[23]
图 2
冀中南地区不同时期聚落遗址域分布图
Figure 2.
Domain area distribution of the settlement sites in the central and southern Hebei Province in different archaeological periods
图 3
ArcGIS软件叠置的冀中南地区不同时期聚落遗址高程分布图
Figure 3.
Altitudes distribution of the settlement sites in the central and southern Hebei Province in different archaeological periods by ArcGIS
图 4
ArcGIS软件分析的冀中南地区不同时期聚落遗址密度分布图
Figure 4.
Density distribution of the settlement sites in the central and southern Hebei Province in different archaeological periods by ArcGIS
海拔/m 地貌类型组成与地形地势特征 0~50 低平原区：本区包括由海河水系各支流及古黄河冲积而成的冲积扇平原和由黄河、海河等沉积而成的滨海平原两部分。地势平坦，由西、西南向渤海倾斜、降低，地貌类型主要包括冲积扇平原、浅平洼地、滨海贝壳沙堤、淤泥海滩 50~100 太行山山前洪积平原区：本区是由太行山流出的十几条河流在山前地带形成的洪积扇与洪积裙共同组成的山前平原，其中以洪积扇为主体，从山麓向平原缓缓倾斜 100~500 太行山山前丘陵盆地区：本区主要由分布在太行山东侧的丘陵以及丘陵间的断陷盆地、河谷盆地组成，主要有武安、微水、赞皇、平山、阜平等盆地 500~1000 太行山低山丘陵区：由海拔低于1000m的低山丘陵组成，分布在太行山东麓，山势平缓，地质、地貌复杂 > 1000 太行山山地区：山地海拔1000~1500m，是河北平原与山西高原的天然分界线，个别山峰海拔超过2000m 
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表 2
冀中南地区不同时期聚落遗址数量及遗址域面积
Table 2.
The number and domain area of settlement sites in the central and southern Hebei Province in different archaeological periods
时期 新石器时代 夏商时期 西周-春秋时期 聚落遗址数/个 202 535 286 遗址域面积/km2 19655.1 35522.5 30650.2
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表 3
分析模块提取的冀中南地区不同时期聚落遗址高程分布
Table 3.
Altitudes distribution of the settlement sites in the central and southern Hebei Province in different archaeological periods by Spatial Analyst
高程/m 新石器时代 夏商时期 西周-春秋时期 数量/处 比例/% 数量/处 比例/% 数量/处 比例/% 0~50 50 24.75 154 28.79 148 51.75 50~100 46 22.77 157 29.35 63 22.03 100~500 98 48.51 210 39.25 69 24.13 500~1000 8 3.96 14 2.62 6 2.10 > 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0
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表 4
冀中南地区不同时期遗址堆积类型
Table 4.
The deposit types of settlement sites in the central and southern Hebei Province in different archaeological periods
时期 单一型遗址 不连续叠置型 连续叠置型 数量/处 比例/% 数量/处 比例/% 数量/处 比例/% 新石器时代 99 49.01 21 10.40 82 40.59 夏商时期 290 54.21 40 7.48 205 38.32 西周-春秋时期 88 30.77 9 3.15 189 66.08
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表 5
南部地区和北部地区聚落遗址分布特征对比
Table 5.
Comparison of the distribution characteristics of settlement sites in the southern and northern study areas
地区 时期 遗址数/处 占总遗址数百分比/% < 50m遗址数/处 占该地区百分比/% 50~100m遗址数/处 占该地区百分比/% 100~500m遗址数/处 占该地区百分比/% 连续叠置型遗址数/处 占该地区百分比/% 北部地区 新石器时代 72 35.64 37 51.39 12 16.67 21 29.17 25 34.72 夏商时期 195 36.45 90 46.15 56 28.72 53 27.18 108 55.38 西周-春秋时期 196 68.53 104 53.06 47 23.98 39 19.90 133 67.86 南部地区 新石器时代 130 64.36 13 10.00 34 26.15 77 59.23 57 43.85 夏商时期 340 63.55 64 18.82 101 29.71 157 46.18 97 28.53 西周-春秋时期 90 31.47 44 48.89 16 17.78 30 33.33 56 62.22
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