Orbital variations of the East Asian winter monsoon during the past 3 Ma from a transient simulation
Zhang Xiaojian1, Jin Liya2,3, Andrey Ganopolski4, Matteo Willeit4
1. School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu;
2. School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan;
3. College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu;
4. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam 14473, Germany
Abstract：The East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM) is an important component of Earth's climate system, which significantly influences climate changes over East Asia. Orbital-scale variability of the EAWM during the Quaternary period is a crucial issue for paleoclimate researches because it significantly affects the geographical environment in Northern China. In addition, the EAWM provides another perspective for the development of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets given the coupling of the EAWM variability and Northern Hemisphere ice volume at orbital timescales. However, their coupling relationship is doubled by many proxy records and climate simulations. This study intends to explore orbital variations of the EAWM during the past 3 Ma and associated physical mechanisms, especially their response to the Northern Hemisphere ice volume, based on transient simulations by the fully coupled Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-2. The CLIMBER-2 considers the synchronous interactions among climate system, carbon cycle, and ice sheets, which therefore requires the sole forcing factor:Earth's orbital variations. The CLIMBER-2 simulates well the glacial cycles and global cooling during the Quaternary period, which provides a solid foundation for the simulation of the EAWM. This study uses two EAWM indices to fully describe EAWM variability. The first EAWM index(EAWMU, u-component of EAWM winds) is defined as the mean zonal near-surface wind velocity over East Asia(35°~45°N and 95°~115°E), which reflects the capacity of the EAWM transporting coarse sediment to Chinese Loess Plateau. The second EAWM index(EAWMV, v-component of EAWM winds) is defined as the strength of the northerly winds over East Asia(25°~35°N and 120°~130°E). Simulation results indicate a general intensification of the EAWM during the past 3 Ma, showing a sharp increase around 2.2 Ma(1.5 Ma) for the EAWMV(EAWMU). Simulated EAWMV(EAWMU) was dominated by 20 ka precession cycle before ca. 2.2 Ma(ca. 1.5 Ma), by 41 ka obliquity and 20 ka precession cycles between ca. 2.2~1.0 Ma(ca. 1.5~1.0 Ma). After ca. 1.0 Ma, both the EAWMV and EAWMU show combined 100 ka eccentricity, 41 ka obliquity and 20 ka precession cycles. The shift in paleoclimatic periodicity of modelled EAWM from 20 ka to 100 ka cycles differs with the loess records, which reveal a shift from 41 ka to 100 ka over the mid-Pleistocene transition. The EAWMU is influenced by the meridional contrast of surface pressure at middle latitudes, which is further controlled by the meridional thermal contrast. The EAWMV is controlled by the sea-land thermal contrast. Before ca. 2.2 Ma(ca. 1.5 Ma), the effect of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet on the sea-land thermal contrast(meridional thermal contrast) was weaker than the direct effect of the insolation due to the relatively small ice sheet. Therefore, the EAWMV(EAWMU) was dominated by 20 ka precession cycle during the corresponding period. Accompanying by the increase of the ice sheet after ca. 2.2 Ma(ca. 1.5 Ma), the effect of the ice sheet on the sea-land thermal contrast(meridional thermal contrast) was stronger than the direct effect of the insolation. Hence, the EAWMV(EAWMU) was dominated by 20 ka precession and 41 ka obliquity cycles between ca. 2.2~1.0 Ma(ca. 1.5~1.0 Ma), and by 100 ka eccentricity cycle after ca. 1.0 Ma. Our simulations indicate that the coupled relationship between the EAWM and Northern Hemisphere ice volume depends on the size of the ice sheets. The sensitivity of the EAWM to the size of the ice sheets is significant different between the EAWMU and EAWMV, which reflects the spatial difference of the EAWM. Our study further suggests that special caution should be taken when exploring the development of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets based on loess records during the Early Pleistocene.
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Zhang Xiaojian, Jin Liya, Andrey Ganopolski, Matteo Willeit. Orbital variations of the East Asian winter monsoon during the past 3 Ma from a transient simulation. Quaternary Sciences, 2020, 40(6): 1406-1417.
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